63 pages • 2-hour read
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Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of child abuse.
Inner Jess is a motif for The Struggle to Be Brave and Navigating Familial Cycles of Violence. Jess introduces Inner Jess in Chapter 2, distinguishing it from the outward façade that Jess projects while pretending that she is unaffected by the death of her estranged father. Inner Jess sees Tommy in everything, embodying Jess’s fear that she may be just like her father. Throughout the novel, Jess fights to suppress Inner Jess’s voice, pushing herself to believe that she is more than her father’s daughter.
When Jess reaches Tommy’s cabin, she discovers letters that Tommy had attempted to write to her. One of the letter drafts reveals that Tommy had his own version of Inner Jess, a critic that convinced him that he was defined by his worst character traits. This discovery reinforces Jess’s fear that she and Tommy are more alike than she thinks. However, the novel’s close shows Jess’s triumph over Inner Jess when she wills herself onto the improv stage and discovers Little Jess—a younger version of herself. Little Jess, unlike Inner Jess, teaches the adult Jess that she can choose to be brave. In doing so, Jess silences Inner Jess for good, breaking with her father’s legacy by choosing to change instead of succumbing to her fears the way Tommy did.
The creature that Calvert transforms into is a symbol of the boy’s fear and embodies familial cycles of violence. From the very first chapter of the novel, Calvert is a shape-shifter, one that can suddenly turn into a wolf, a bear, a giant spider, or something else entirely at a moment’s notice. However, the novel gradually reveals that Calvert can never choose the form he takes. Instead, his form is always chosen by the boy, based on something he fears. In the first chapter, for instance, he sees a picture of the Big Bad Wolf in his storybook of fairy tales. Calvert therefore transforms into a wolf. While in Margie’s house, the boy sees a movie poster of a giant spider. This causes Calvert to turn into one when he tracks the boy down to the house.
Calvert’s inability to control his transformation signifies his inability to control the boy’s emotions. Since he has chosen to exert abusive control over the boy, the boy has grown up in fear of his father. Inevitably, whenever the boy becomes afraid of something, he associates it with the fear he feels around his father. This culminates in the form that Calvert takes at Cookie’s condo while the boy is experiencing vivid nightmares. Calvert continues shifting from form to form before settling on a nightmare cloud made entirely of mouths. These mouths represent the voice of Calvert, which has constantly told the boy that he is too bad and dangerous to live.
Santos’s itch is a symbol of the boy’s power. From the moment when Santos is introduced in Chapter 19, the strange sensation on the back of his neck foreshadows his dissolution later in the novel. In Chapter 34, the sensation intensifies, with Santos describing it as something that is searching through his existence and memories. Santos repeatedly scratches at his neck, causing it to bruise as he carries out his investigation. At the same time, he experiences hazy, distorted recollections of his past, such as presenting to book-club members who have no faces or losing the use of his limbs. These memories of facelessness and physical incapacity foreshadow how Santos himself will soon be erased from existence and from other people’s recollections.
The cause of the sensation isn’t revealed until Chapter 45 when Jess makes the boy erase Santos from existence. The boy’s terrifying power is meant to deepen Jess’s sense of the danger that the boy poses to the world around him. The power doesn’t just affect Santos; it also affects the people in his life, like his mother, Emmaline, in Chapter 46. She is so shaken by the clash between material reality and her emotional reality that she spends the rest of her life screaming uncontrollably.



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