Habits of the Heart

Published initially in 1985, Habits of the Heart arrived at a notable juncture in American history, a period marked by significant economic, social, and political transformations. This era saw the ascendancy of neoliberal ideologies, heightened consumerism, and the erosion of traditional communal bonds, setting the stage for an exploration of the American character and values.

Central to the American ethos, individualism is both celebrated as a source of freedom and innovation and critiqued for undermining social cohesion and communal responsibility. The roots of American individualism trace back to the nation’s founding principles. The frontier spirit, the Protestant ethic, and the rise of capitalism combined to create a culture that highly values personal autonomy, self-reliance, and the pursuit of individual success.

For example, the Protestant ethic, as articulated by sociologist Max Weber in his work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904), has been influential in shaping American individualism. Weber argued that certain aspects of Protestantism, especially those related to Calvinism, encouraged a focus on hard work, frugality, and diligence as means of demonstrating one’s elect status before God. This religious ethos translated into worldly asceticism, where success in one’s profession was seen as a sign of divine favor.