Just So Stories

Rudyard Kipling

57 pages 1-hour read

Rudyard Kipling

Just So Stories

Fiction | Short Story Collection | Middle Grade | Published in 1902

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Literary Devices

Rhyming

Kipling’s Just So Stories were originally developed as bedtime stories told aloud to his young daughter. Since they were originally meant to be spoken and not read, the stories contain a particular rhythm and cadence, which rhyming plays an important part in maintaining. The rhyming is sometimes obvious, for example when the Mariner is trapped in the Whale’s stomach, an entire rhyming paragraph describes his attempt to disturb the Whale: “[H]e stumped and he jumped and he thumped and he bumped, and he pranced and he danced,” and so on (2). 


The characters also tell themselves little poems, such as when the Parsee man seeks his revenge on the Rhinoceros: “Them that takes cakes / Which the Parsee-man bakes / Makes dreadful mistakes” (8-9). Similarly, the Painted Jaguar recites, “Can’t curl, but can swim— / Slow-Solid, that’s him! / Curls up, but can’t swim— / Stickly-Prickly, that’s him!” (31) when he is trying to remember how to tell the difference between the Tortoise and the Hedgehog. 


However, there are also instances of rhyming that are subtler and easier to miss, especially if one is not reading aloud and listening to the sound of the words. For example, in “How the Whale Got His Throat,” Kipling writes, “‘Then fetch me some,’ said the Whale, and he made the sea froth up with his tail” (1). The unexpected rhyme of “whale” and “tail” helps carry the rhythm of the story.

Repetition

Kipling makes significant use of repetition throughout Just So Stories. It is often used to give emphasis to particularly important parts of the story. For example, in “How the Whale Got His Throat,” the narrator repeatedly emphasizes the Mariner’s suspenders, reminding the reader over and over not to forget them because they later play the important role of securing the grate in the Whale’s throat. The stories often feature frequent repetition of scenarios, dialogue, and plot points. For example, in “How the Camel Got His Hump,” the animals each come to Camel in the desert, asking him to come work, and he replies, “Humph!” to each one. 


Likewise, in “The Cat That Walked by Himself,” the Woman calls the animals to the cave one by one, and their interactions follow the same pattern. The same happens in “The Crab That Played With the Sea” as the Eldest Magician visits each of the animals to check on their work after he sends them off to play their part. Each of them asks him “Kun?” and he replies, “Payah kun.” This repetition helps to draw readers into the story because they know what is going to happen next. It makes the stories easier to tell aloud, aids memorization for oral recitation, and allows listeners to participate because they can predict, for example, what the Eldest Magician might say to the next animal he visits.

Alliteration

Like rhyming, alliteration is a rhetorical device that conveys the rhythm and musical quality of Just So Stories, reminding the reader that they are meant to be told aloud. Many of the names in the text use alliteration, for example, the “Wet Wild Woods,” in “The Cat That Walked by Himself,” or even the “Best Beloved” that the narrator addresses. 


Alliteration also appears throughout the text, often in descriptions of natural places. The Leopard and the Ethiopian man find the Giraffe and the Zebra hiding in a forest that is “‘sclusively speckled and sprottled and spottled” (12); the Elephant’s Child finds the Crocodile on the banks of the “great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River” (18); the Tortoise and Hedgehog practice swimming and curling into a ball until they find “their scales lying lippety-lappety one over the other” (34). Sentences like these add to the playful, whimsical quality of the text and encouraging reading and reciting aloud.

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