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Nora Webster is a woman in her 40s who lives in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland: the area where she was born and raised. In the weeks following the recent death of her husband, Maurice, many people in the community call on Nora to offer their condolences, but Nora wishes that she could be left alone. Now, her two youngest children, Donal and Conor, argue about who will answer the door to the latest arrival, May Lacey. Nora forces herself to be polite as she feigns “interest and surprise” (2) at the woman’s mundane social updates.
In addition to Donal and Conor, Nora has two daughters. Her eldest daughter, Fiona, is finishing her teacher training in Dublin, while her other daughter, Aine, is studying at a school in Bunclody. Nora pretends that she has no plans to sell the family’s holiday cottage in Cush, even though she hopes to sell it to May’s son, Jack Lacey, in order to obtain some desperately needed funds.
As Nora leaves Donal and Conor at home and drives to the holiday cottage in Cush, she hopes that the family is slowly returning to normal. The children are learning “to disguise how they [feel]” (5) in the wake of their father’s death, and Nora pays close attention to any signs that something is not right. Nora is also tired of vague acquaintances offering her their condolences, though she would feel just as bad if people avoided her entirely. At the cottage, Nora reminisces about past summers there with Maurice and the children and reflects that she will never visit the cottage again.
Nora’s reflections are interrupted by a neighbor, Mrs. Darcy, who insists that Nora come to her house for a cup of tea. In the warm kitchen, Nora feigns pleasantries because she cannot bring herself to tell Ms. Darcy of her plans. As Nora drives home, she takes an inventory of her financial situation, hoping that the sale of the house will be enough to support her family for the immediate future. When she tells her boys about her plans to sell the cottage, they listen attentively, but she fears that she has “unsettled them” (14).
Nora takes Donal and Conor on the train to Dublin to visit Fiona. Even on the train, Nora cannot avoid people who know her family and wish to offer their condolences. In Dublin, Conor and Donal are excited by the sights and shops. They meet with Fiona, who seems more mature every time Nora sees her. Fiona tries to hide her tears when Nora tells her about the sale of the cottage and admits that the family “[needs] the money now” (23). For a moment, Nora envies Fiona, who will not have to return “to the town where everybody knew her and all the years ahead were mapped out for her” (24).
On the train home, Conor sleeps while Nora assures Donal that they will take summer vacations by renting a caravan. Donal seems “oddly adult” (25) to her, though he is only in his early teens. As she drives the boys home from the station, Nora is surprised at herself when she freely shares a memory from the early years of her marriage. At home, when the boys are in bed, Nora relaxes in the silence. She must learn to manage these hours alone, and she hopes that “fewer people [will] call” (28) in the future.
When Nora’s Aunt Josie visits without warning, Nora awkwardly welcomes her inside, leaving the boys to watch television. While Maurice was dying, Josie took care of Conor and Donal at her house, and it was only after returning from Josie’s house that Donal developed a stammer. Nora has noticed that his stammer becomes more pronounced in Josie’s presence. Now, as Josie talks, Nora fantasizes about living in a town “where no one could visit them” (31). Josie presents a collection of old photographs, and Nora recognizes her parents. She remembers being beside her father’s bed when he died. She was alone, though the family later convinced themselves that everyone was gathered around him when he passed. Nora and Josie talk about Nora’s mother, who struggled to raise three daughters—Nora, Una, and Catherine—in the aftermath of her husband’s death. Nora always had a difficult relationship with her mother.
Later, Nora watches over her sleeping boys. In the night, she is awakened by a scream; Donal has suffered a nightmare. As she comforts Donal, Conor tells her that Donal moans every night. Donal refuses to describe his nightmare, and Nora worries that Josie’s visit might have affected the boys somehow. She resolves to speak to Josie about the issue.
Fiona visits and watches the boys while Nora visits Josie. As Nora drives, she thinks about the two months that Donal and Conor spent with Josie because Nora had not wanted them to see their father in his dying state. Una, Nora’s youngest sister, had moved into the house and looked after Aine and Fiona.
Nora finds Josie in the garden. Over tea, Nora struggles to voice her concerns and mentions Donal’s stammer. Josie explains that the boys were not used to the silence of her countryside house, stating that they were waiting for their mother to visit them and break this silence, but she never did. Nora insists that she had “no choice” (45). She leaves without finishing her tea.
Jim is Maurice’s brother and Nora’s brother-in-law. When he and his wife Margaret visit Nora, they share ideas about a memorial for Maurice now that six months have passed since his death. They differ in opinion from Nora on what should be done but reach a compromise. An acquaintance named Mrs. Whelan comes to the house, bringing a message from Nora’s old employers, the Gibneys. The family business has recently passed into the hands of William Gibney, who is married to Peggy. Having heard about Maurice’s death, William has reached out through Mrs. Whelan to find out whether Nora would like to return to work for the company. After Mrs. Whelan departs, Jim notes that the Gibneys are “a force to be reckoned with all right” (49). As he leaves, he slips Nora money inside an envelope to help tide her over. Nora wants to refuse, but she knows that she will need money soon. She remembers her own mother’s struggles with money after her father died. When Nora worked for the Gibneys, she gave most of her wage to her mother to support the family. This arrangement continued for 11 years until she married Maurice; at the time, leaving the Gibneys to become a housewife had seemed an immense relief. Now, to return to work, would be to return “to a memory of being caged” (51).
While having her hair cut, Nora impulsively agrees to have it dyed as well and is shocked by the results, insisting that she has “never had a fashionable cut before” (53). As she walks home, she prays that no one will see her and believe that she has notions of grandeur. When she returns home, Conor and Donal are shocked into silence.
Nora prepares to visit the Gibneys. She worries that everyone in the office will presume that she has only been granted this job out of pity. First, Nora is led into the grand sitting room to meet Peggy Gibney. Nora can remember when Peggy first met William; the Gibney family disapproved of her, and when she became pregnant, William’s father wanted her to have the baby in England, where it could be put up for adoption without causing a scandal. Instead, William married Peggy. These days, however, Peggy feels at home in her wealthy surroundings.
As Nora asks about Peggy’s five children, struggling not to laugh in the “somber air” (57), William enters. Nora recalls that everyone at school had considered him to be a fool. However, now that William has inherited the family business, he is considered to be very important. William mumbles about his late father’s praise of Nora, offering her a job at the company, and Peggy comments negatively about the other women whom they employ. William mentions that they employ Francie Kavanagh, who is now the office manager; Nora is surprised, remembering Francie as an unlikeable young woman whom she did her best to avoid. She is concerned that Francie Kavanagh remembers her. William invites Nora to start the job soon.
From the very beginning, Tóibín invokes The Stifling Effects of Small Communities as the titular character struggles to balance her private grief with her more public responsibilities. Nora Webster therefore begins with an unwanted visit as May Lacey comes to the house unannounced, an imposition that Nora deeply resents. This initial encounter becomes a primer for Nora’s grudging participation in her community, and her cold detachment from her surroundings indicates the depths of her grief more articulately than a detailed confession ever could. Confronted with an unrelenting parade of people offering their condolences, Nora grows increasingly frustrated by these constant reminders that her husband is dead. Although she craves the space to grieve properly and find a modicum of peace, she is forced to welcome people into her house, offer them tea, and accept their condolences with good grace. The novel begins with this example of Nora’s resentment of social norms as a way to illustrate the intangible prison in which Nora now finds herself.
As the story unfolds, it becomes clear that the social structure of the small community is built upon these empty gestures; in the eyes of the town, to refuse such visitors would be a deplorable act that would sully Nora’s good name. This ongoing issue illustrates the double blow of Maurice’s death. Not only must Nora endure her silent grief, but she must also tolerate the fumbling of a community that does not allow her to deal with her grief on her own terms. Thrust into the limited role of the weeping widow, she is expected to thank people for imposing their unwelcome presence on her healing process.
Compounding Nora’s frustration is the sense of being constantly observed, a dynamic that is evident in her fear of making any changes to her life. A prime example occurs when she is getting her haircut and is offered the opportunity to try something new. Many of the women in the town dye their hair, but Nora is reluctant to join them. Even when she is eventually convinced, she is mortified by the results. However, the haircut and the dye are not the issue; Nora fears being perceived as a self-important person who deems herself worthy of a fancy new haircut even though her husband has recently died. Nora’s instinctive fear shows that despite her rejection of rural Ireland’s social etiquette, she is still very much an inhabitant of that world and has internalized the town’s emphasis upon surveillance and judgement. This dynamic is also evident in her meeting with Peggy Gibney. Nora knows that Peggy comes from a modest background before marrying into a wealthy family. Now, Peggy acts in a grand way, as though she is a natural inhabitant of the Gibneys’ wealthy world. To Nora and others, Peggy’s act of grandeur does not ring true, and Nora believes that Peggy Gibney is guilty of inflating her own self-importance. Though Peggy has seemingly transcended social expectations in a way that Nora wishes she could, Nora cannot help but feel a lingering resentment toward Peggy because of the woman’s demeanor.
In Peggy, Nora has a comparative example of someone who rejects the social order, and Peggy shares more in common with Nora than Nora may like to admit. Specifically, both women feel alienated, and they both struggle to give voice to this sense of alienation. They are lonely, though Peggy’s loneliness is mitigated by a level of material comfort that Nora does not enjoy. Furthermore, they are both victims of tragic events. While Nora has lost her husband and is struggling with her grief, Peggy must navigate the difficult circumstances of her marriage. Her father-in-law originally deemed her to be unworthy of marrying into the family, and upon becoming pregnant with William’s child, she was threatened with being sent to England to have the baby in secret and give it up for adoption. Although this callous plan did not come to fruition, Peggy nonetheless suffers from same sense of surveillance that plagues Nora, for despite her borrowed social status, she constantly feels the ignominy of knowing that everyone in the town is aware of her past. Peggy lives with this public knowledge just as Nora must play the role of widow, and the plights of both women prove that very little is truly secret in such a small town.



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