57 pages • 1-hour read
Rita Williams-GarciaA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section contains descriptions of racism, Islamophobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorder. Because the source text is set in the 1960s, it also makes use of the outdated and derogatory term “Negro.” The guide has preserved this term in quotation marks only when its inclusion is necessary to enhance the analysis and reflect the historical context of the story.
Delphine, Vonetta, and Fern Gaither take a return flight from Oakland, California, to New York City after having spent the summer with their mother, Cecile, in Oakland. When they scream during the bumpy ride and chant their mother’s poems about freedom, oppression, and the beauty of Black culture, a stewardess presses them to be quieter. When the plane lands, Fern, the youngest, needs to use the bathroom, so Delphine, the eldest, rushes from the plane with her and cuts to the front of the line to the bathroom; several white adults protest this behavior, and Fern still wets her pants. Big Ma, the girls’ grandmother, shows up, and Delphine is so excited that she bumps into a young white man in her rush to get to Big Ma. Big Ma apologizes and forces Delphine to apologize as well.
Big Ma also forces the girls to apologize to several white girls who tease Fern about wetting herself. The girls’ mother criticizes Big Ma for the poor behavior of Delphine and her sisters. Once in the car, Big Ma strikes Delphine on the face because the white girls’ mother informed her of her granddaughters’ behavior. Delphine feels oppressed and humiliated by the blow, which catches everyone’s attention. During the summer in Oakland, Delphine learned about the need for Black pride and the importance of standing up for oneself in the face of oppression. As a result, Delphine sees Big Ma as a traitor to her race because she subordinates herself to white people like the white girls and their mother.
On the way home, the girls argue with each other and tell the story of the spectacle they made of themselves at the airport. Big Ma tells Pa (Louis Gaither) that their behavior is the result of Cecile’s influence and that the girls will be subject to anti-Black violence if they continue misbehaving in front of white people. Pa tries to reason with Big Ma, but she won’t accept his efforts. Delphine tries to quiet her sisters, dreading the punishment that she knows she and her sisters will receive when they get home. Delphine notices that her father is well dressed and is even wearing cologne, something he never did in the past. He has changed in their absence and now seems happier as he hums along to the popular Temptations song “My Girl.”
The Gaither family drives home to their Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. On the way home, Delphine notices burned-out lots and ramshackle buildings much like her own house, which her father and uncle built with their own hands. During the ride, Delphine worries about the changes in her father and dreads the sixth-grade dance that will happen this year at school. She fears that no one will ask her out because she is so much taller than her peers. As the family drives through her neighborhood, she feels a welcome sense of familiarity. Pa convinces Big Ma not to punish the girls on their first night home.
The girls decide to let Cecile know that they have arrived safely. They will send her their Oakland souvenir—a postcard. They argue over what to put on the card, including how to address their mother, who could be called either “Mom,” “Sister Nzila,” or “Cecile,” but they settle on “Cecile” after Delphine takes charge as she usually does. Delphine now feels pressure to deal with her sisters’ assertive personalities, which date from their summer in Oakland. Fern and Vonetta argue all the time, and it is left to Delphine to stand between them and settle matters.
Vonetta and Fern argue over who will put the postcard in the mailbox, ignoring Delphine’s decision to give the job to Vonetta. Delphine realizes that she is losing control of her younger sisters. Pa goes out on a date with Marva Hendrix, his girlfriend, instead of eating dinner with them. Vonetta and Fern tease and make light of their father’s new love life, but Delphine feels a sense of worry about all the changes. They also worry about Darnell, their young uncle, who is fighting in the Vietnam War.
The girls receive a hand-lettered card from Cecile. It is a brief thank you for the postcard that they sent to her. Delphine decides to write back, but the girls tease her about really wanting to write to Hirohito Woods, a boy she liked in Oakland. Delphine is uncomfortable when Big Ma calls Hirohito a disrespectful term upon discovering that he is both Black and Japanese American. Big Ma generally dislikes names that are from Africa or other regions of the world.
Delphine knows that Big Ma’s comments about Hirohito and her views on names are wrong, but there is no correcting Big Ma because she holds all the power over the girls. This is a shock after all the talk of rights among the Black Panthers in Oakland. Delphine writes back to Cecile to tell her that Pa has a girlfriend. She asks if Cecile still loves their father. Cecile replies that her feelings about Pa are none of Delphine’s business. She signs off by writing, “P.S. Be eleven” (46), her often-repeated reminder that Delphine should be a girl while she can and leave adult concerns to the adults.
Marva visits the family. During the visit, Pa announces that he and Marva are getting married. Big Ma and Delphine are disapproving but polite in their congratulations, but Vonetta and Fern are excited by the idea of the perfect wedding. Privately, Delphine is overwhelmed by the thought of her mother being replaced by the stylish Ms. Hendrix. She tells her sisters that Marva and Pa are “too old to have a fairy-tale wedding” (53).
The Gaither girls and Cecile begin writing to each other more regularly. In her letter, Vonetta tells Cecile that she is excited about her father’s upcoming marriage. Fern sends her mother a poem. She addresses the letter to “Nzila” and signs off as “Afua,” the African name that Cecile gave Fern when she was born. Delphine is embarrassed by the contents of her sisters’ letters. In a letter to Delphine, Cecile encourages Delphine to find her own passion like her sisters and once again advises her to be content to be 11.
Big Ma takes Delphine on her annual shopping trip for school clothes. Big Ma believes that Delphine should dress more conservatively, stressing that pants are for men and workers. Delphine finds the wool skirts that her grandmother chooses to be babyish. Delphine wants more “mod” (modern and stylish) clothes like Ms. Honeywell, the sixth-grade teacher who was sent home because she was wearing a hot pink, bell-bottomed pantsuit. While at the store, Delphine encounters Lucy Raleigh, her frenemy. Big Ma doesn’t like Lucy because she thinks the girl is too pushy and loud. Lucy uses this pushiness to get Big Ma to buy a mod jumper for Delphine. Lucy tells Delphine that she has to watch a music program called The Hollywood Palace that night or else she won’t be one of the cool kids.
The Influence of Black Power Politics takes center stage at the very beginning of the novel, as William-Garcia uses Delphine’s point of view to illustrate the impact of widespread social changes on both the protagonist and the Gaither family as a whole. Delphine is coming back from a vital summer experience during which she learned much from the Black Panthers who dominated the politics of Oakland during that period. There, she learned lessons about power—who has it and how to oppose it. Receiving those lessons about power gave Delphine the sense that she, as an 11-year-old, has the potential to be more like adults, and she embraces the idea that she deserves a greater say in the course of her life. However, she soon learns that the transition from Oakland to Brooklyn is a rough one, as she must contend with the more conservative views of her father and grandmother.
Although Delphine is inspired by the lessons she learned in Oakland, the first chapters reveal that she has much to learn about how profoundly her family’s political views differ from her own, and she also realizes that the oppression against which she was warned comes in many different forms. The first point of friction for Delphine occurs in public spaces like the airplane, the airport, and the airport restroom. After a summer of freedom in Oakland, where she and her sisters had more autonomy because of their mother’s relaxed approach to parenting, Delphine has grown accustomed to exercising her voice and representing Black pride in public spaces. That voice is sometimes a loud, disruptive one that allows Delphine and her sisters to revel in their childhood, as when their chanting of poetry on the plane turns out to be much louder than they thought. While reciting poetry with themes related to Black identity and Black pride would not be unusual in Oakland, it stands out in the context of the airplane.
Likewise, the closer the girls get to the ground, the more intense is the pressure to exercise decorum by being quiet and polite. When the girls run off the plane to get Fern to the bathroom and cut the line, which includes a scolding white woman, they are defying adult authority in ways that they learned and embraced in Oakland. However, when Big Ma puts a stop to their defiance, her actions highlight her belief in the importance of Black respectability: the notion that Black people can only be accorded equality if they conduct themselves with decorum. When Big Ma strikes Delphine, she shows just how far she is willing to go to curb Delphine’s childish exuberance and enforce the concept of Black respectability. Like many Black parents and parental figures who grew up during periods of deadly, virulent racism, Big Ma believes that meting out a harsh punishment now will protect Black children from racism and race-based violence later, especially if the punishment teaches Black children to embrace a conservative version of respectability. Big Ma’s views clash with the girls’ newfound beliefs because in Oakland, they learned that all the respectability in the world will not be enough to end racism.
The next point of friction occurs in a place that Delphine never expects—her home. The order of things has changed because Pa is wooing Marva Hendrix, and as a result, Delphine feels a shift in the dynamic of her relationship with Pa, as is demonstrated when he chooses to miss dinner on the first night the girls are home. These changes are unwelcome because Delphine depends on him as a source of stability during a childhood that includes abandonment by her mother. Thus, The Importance of Family Relationships within the Gaither family becomes a strong theme throughout Delphine’s attempts to define her views and expand her sense of identity.
Delphine’s internal shifts are further reflected in her sense of uncertainty regarding her relationship with her sisters. She is no longer sure if she can or even should exercise her authority over the other girls, and because of her summer in Oakland, she questions the values of Big Ma, who believes that keeping her sisters in line is the good, responsible thing to do. Because Delphine and her sisters have embraced the values of Oakland, which emphasize Black Power and champion the idea of resisting oppression, Delphine believes that managing her sisters forces her to perpetuate conservative values that she no longer agrees with. The measure of Delphine’s own rebellion against these values is her humiliation and anger when Big Ma keeps her in line by hitting her. Because Delphine is grappling with The Transition From Childhood to Adolescence, she resists being dominated by Big Ma just as much as she dislikes the idea of dominating her sisters. In her attempts to navigate these complex family dynamics, Delphine must also consider her own identity more carefully.
Family relationships are important in the novel, but relationships with peers take on a particular significance as Delphine struggles to reshape her own identity. For Delphine, her clothing is a crucial means of showing her independence from Big Ma and fitting in with her peers. These two desires play out in the scene at the store, during which Delphine begs Ma for more stylish, mature clothes that reflect her incipient adolescence. The fact that Delphine leaves the store with both childish clothes and the mod jumper shows that she is still caught in limbo between childhood and adolescence, just as she is caught between Big Ma’s values and those of her school peers. In subsequent chapters, she faces even more difficult challenges in the struggle to redefine her identity.



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