57 pages • 1-hour read
Joe SaccoA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of death and religious discrimination.
In Safe Area Goražde, Sacco explores how the rise of ethno-nationalism in the former Yugoslavia not only led to war and ethnic cleansing but also undermined the fabric of communities. Throughout the work, the people whom Sacco interviews tell him about how their communities fundamentally changed in the lead-up to the conflict and how violent persecution based on ethnic identities fractured the once-peaceful town they had lived in.
Edin explains that as anti-Islam and anti-Bosnian rhetoric grew louder, Goražde became a different town. People began only associating with others they identified with, both in their personal and public lives: “In some coffee bars, all the people were Muslim, and 15 meters away another coffee bar was full of Serbs…I didn’t feel comfortable going alone into a Serb coffee bar” (40). Edin, a man with many Serbian friends, suddenly found that these friends did not want to associate with him. He felt unwelcome in Serb spaces that he had recently been welcomed in. As Edin reflects, “The last days before the war you didn’t hear, ‘Hello, how are you, neighbor?’” (40). Ethno-nationalism fervor drove the people of Goražde apart and kept the distinctive factions in fear of one another.
As the years passed and the conflict worsened, violence and destruction ripped through Goražde, though its perpetrators were not unknown soldiers but familiar faces. As the Serbs sought to commit ethnic cleansing against their Muslim neighbors, they also engaged in the deliberate destruction of their physical community. When the Serb neighbors returned to Goražde, they burned the homes of their Bosnian friends. Edin recounts his shock upon discovering who destroyed his own family home, telling Sacco, “It was our neighbors. Dado, three years younger than me…And one called Acko and his brother, Miro. We used to play football together” (87). Men whom Edin considered close friends, with whom he spent much of his life, worked to drive him from his home and town.
The impacts of ethno-nationalism also endure even after the war has ended. Many of the people whom Sacco interacts with in Safe Area Goražde fear that war could one day break out again, and many are not sure if they could ever trust their former Serbian friends and neighbors ever again. Even some Serbians who rejected Serbian nationalism and chose to stay behind experience their neighbors’ mistrust and resentment. The conflict thus forces people to define others based on strict identity lines, destroying years of lived experience that once formed a strong community.
The people of Goražde have lived through years of extreme violence and hardship, often under the constant eye of combatants, with limited resources and harsh conditions. Despite this, the community members refuse to allow the conflict to destroy their community. People work to not only keep the physical community functioning but also preserve a sense of community and mutual support in dark times.
Edin demonstrates to Sacco how the town fights under siege from the Serbs, who block aid trucks and cut off electricity. The locals constructed mini centrales (small hydroelectric generators) to keep some power coming into the town: “They were fashioned out of wood, barrels, parts of cars, bits of washing machines, and other scraps…The river turned their paddle-wheel generators, and electric wire brought a modest current into a small percentage of Gorazde’s homes” (48). The machines produce little energy and, being in the river, are vulnerable to attacks by the Serbs. Nevertheless, the townspeople keep them functioning, building and repairing them with any materials they have on hand. The creativity and hard work results in some electricity for the town, reflecting how the people of Goražde use what they can to survive.
The community also seeks to keep alive its cultural and educational life as best as it can. When Sacco visits the Cultural Center in Goražde, he finds a building torn apart and damaged by the war, though it still serves a purpose: “Despite these and other setbacks, in the course of the war the Center had managed to record musicians, publish an anthology of local poetry, and show the work of the town’s finest artists” (74). Children and teens are also still encouraged to attend school whenever they can, even though the schools are damaged and sometimes lack supplies and classes cannot always be offered consistently. Edin serves on the front lines while still taking time to teach. Despite feeling frustrated and saddened by the clear impact that the war is having on his students’ progress, he continues trying to help his students. In keeping both the Cultural Center and school open, the town keeps up morale and helps people find meaning and direction in the midst of the conflict.
The community also demonstrated its resilience through the final armed struggle that Edin and the other locals engaged in as the Serbs tried to take the town in one last push. Although they were seriously outnumbered and outgunned, Edin and the other townspeople rallied together, putting up a spirited defense and refusing to give in even when the Serbs forced their way into the town. The townspeople ultimately saved Goražde, holding out long enough for NATO to finally decide to step in, forcing the Serbs to negotiate for peace.
The conflict in Bosnia attracted the attention of the international community. While the UN and NATO sought to help those suffering in Goražde and other Bosnian enclaves in Serbian-held territories, their efforts often proved fruitless. Throughout the work, Sacco details how the UN consistently failed to achieve its peacekeeping objectives, criticizing the ineffective role of international organizations in the conflict.
Though their resolutions declared that they would aid in peacekeeping, the UN’s commitment to neutrality hindered their ability to take meaningful action to protect Bosnian Muslims: “Lt. General Sir Michael Rose, the UN’s military commander in Bosnia […] continually downplayed the Serb offensive, calling it a ‘tactical operation’ and claiming the Serbs had not advanced far into the enclave” (165). While the UN hesitated and gave mixed signals, Serbian forces laying siege to Goražde and other enclaves took advantage of the situation. They violated the UN’s resolutions and blocked their relief efforts, often sabotaging attempted aid deliveries into the enclaves. On several occasions, the Serbian forces even kidnapped UN personnel to pressure the UN into withdrawing. The UN frequently gave in to such acts of intimidation, mischaracterizing or downplaying the events of the conflict to justify their inaction.
Sacco also offers political commentary on the international community’s inaction through his imagery. Most notably, one of the panels features President Clinton speaking of his reluctance to commit to airstrikes against the Serbs. Sacco depicts Clinton sitting on a golf cart while scenes of destruction and panic in Bosnia take place around him. The peacefulness and luxury of Clinton’s setting form a stark contrast to the life-or-death stakes faced by the people of Goražde, with Sacco’s illustration implying that Clinton and the other international leaders are detached, out of touch, and lacking in real empathy for what the Bosnian Muslims are undergoing.
Sacco also details how the conflict finally ended. After some notorious Serbian massacres came to light, the UN agreed to relinquish air control to NATO. The UN’s delegation of power to NATO enabled NATO to begin threatening air strikes against Serbian forces. Faced with this clear and decisive action from NATO, the Serbs finally agreed to peace talks. In emphasizing how NATO’s threats brought an end to the conflict, Sacco suggests that more forthright and consistent action earlier on from the international community could have done much more, either in preventing the conflict from escalating or in minimizing its damage to Bosnian civilians.



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