16 pages • 32-minute read
Susan MitchellA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The river is one of the most notable symbols in the poem. It serves as both a setting and a mythological motif, and the speaker uses it as a geographical reference point: “the dead come down to the river to drink” (Line 1). It is portrayed as a source of nourishment and as a gathering place where the dead come together in community. The irony is that the dead cannot replicate their past loves or relationships, and so the act of drinking together from the river has little benefit besides nostalgia: The dead come there for a brief escape and to remember the feeling of belonging.
Rivers have long been associated with the afterlife in myth and folklore (See: Background). In Greek mythology, several rivers traverse Hades, the domain of the dead: The Styx serves as a boundary between the Underworld and our world; the Lethe causes oblivion in anyone who drinks from it, allowing the dead to forget the lives they lost; and Cocytus is the river of mourning cries. Each of these is a symbolic representation of bereavement, transposed onto the dead. In the poem, the dead also perform many of the actions of those grieving loved ones: They pour over old photographs and letters, imagine possible futures for those gone, and relive memories. At the river, they recreate past experiences of late nights with loved ones, as the poem bookends drinking from the river with jovial alcohol consumption, connecting the beginning of the poem to the end of the poem with two unlike gatherings.
In Line 4, the speaker describes how the dead “pat the lines in our hands and tell our futures” (Line 4). This is a reference to palmistry, or the practice of divining outcomes by the lines on one’s hands. Although it is considered useful for entertainment only, it has been practiced and trusted in many cultures across time. More notable than the promise of the future, however, is the implication of physical contact. Whether or not the dead can see the future (which is open to the reader’s interpretation; there is longstanding belief that the dead access hidden knowledge, but the poem also clarifies that whatever divination the dead do is impersonal since they no longer have “their fears / their worries for us” [Lines 2-3]), this motion shows them reaching out to touch their loved ones as they did in life.
Human hands are intrinsically connected to the act of creation. With hands one can write (for example, letters), prepare food and drink, and shape artistic mediums into being—all things that are denied to the dead. Within this creation is the passage of time, evolution, and the natural state of change. Because the dead are caught in a state of being where nothing ever changes or grows, it makes sense for them to be drawn to a symbol from which all change is born.
Half way through the poem, the dead “read the letters they sent us, insatiable / for signs of their love” (Lines 8-9). While letters are a way of connecting with other people, here the dead are using them as a way to connect to their own pasts. Rather than reading words written to them by others, the dead read over what they wrote to other people, seeking their own love. This suggests that this love has been forgotten, or has taken on a mythic quality that the dead are no longer able to feel. However, they remember enough to try to reconnect with it. Letters also represent a window into a particular time or place, much like a photograph. Letters are where memories, the specificities of a situation, and the writer’s feelings and observations are preserved.
Letter writing is also an act of creation, something of which the dead are no longer capable. Reading their old words brings them back to a time when they were able to capture a moment, connect, and affect tangible change in the world around them. Although this state is lost forever, reading over those words help the dead reconnect with the people they used to be. This takes the dead’s focus away from their loved ones and examines their broken relationships with their own selves.



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