45 pages 1-hour read

The Last September

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 1929

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Part 1Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1: “The Arrival of Mr. and Mrs. Montmorency”

Part 1, Chapter 1 Summary

Content Warning: This section of the guide discusses war and revolution, including themes of violence, colonialism, and cultural displacement.


The Naylors (Sir Richard, Lady Naylor, and Lois, their niece) greet their guests, Mr. And Mrs. Montmorency, as they arrive at the Naylors’ home in Ireland by motorcar. Lois is fascinated by Mr. Montmorency based on an interaction they had when she was just 10 years old, but he only notes that he would not have recognized her now that she is a young woman. Sir Richard and Lady Naylor take the Montmorencys inside for tea, but Lois feels aimless and remains outdoors. She only goes inside when her cousin Laurence, an aspiring intellectual, calls from an upstairs room for her to come inside and tell him about the visitors. He teases Lois for his own amusement, but Lois feels comfortable around him; she feels able to be silly and confident despite his judgments, whereas sincere people make her feel self-conscious. Laurence asks how many “subalterns” she writes to, by which he means British army men below the rank of captain. She exchanges letters with two subalterns and one captain. She rushes off to clear up the letters around her room before the maid, Bridget, goes into the room.

Part 1, Chapter 2 Summary

Chapter 2 centers on Francie Montmorency’s thoughts as she settles into Danielstown, the Naylor home. Moira (Lady Naylor) shows Francie up to the room for her and her husband Hugo. She thinks about the long years since they last saw the Naylors, during which time Hugo moved them to Canada and then moved Francie to the south of France for her health.


Francie notices that Moira looks older now, and she thinks about the friendship they developed when Francie and Hugo first married. When Moira leaves her and Francie waits for Hugo, she realizes she is very tired from the trip. Hugo comes up and insists she rest on the bed as he unpacks her things and brushes her hair for her. She asks about Laura, Lois’s mother, with whom Hugo had fancied himself in love for a time. He describes Laura and how she had wanted her mind made up for her, which he could not do. Francie thinks about the last time she saw Laura and how, not long after, she died without warning. Hugo accidentally knocks down the vase of flowers on the dressing table.

Part 1, Chapter 3 Summary

Lois goes down for dinner after changing and writing more letters. She finds Laurence and Francie, but Laurence awkwardly leaves the two alone until there are more people present. Francie compliments Lois and notes that she doesn’t look like her mother, Laura. The rest of the family and Hugo join them, and they all go in for dinner. They discuss trivial matters and eventually touch on politics and the current fighting in Ireland. Sir Richard claims that people in England and elsewhere think things are far more dangerous than they really are, and Lady Naylor talks about some Irish people she has met who do not support the fighting, as if they are an example of what most Irish people think. Lois, who has been preoccupied with Hugo, decides he is a “limitation,” especially of Francie. She seems finally to dismiss him. Hugo observes Lois during dinner and believes she might marry early to “make an effect.” Francie stares into one of the portraits, lost to the conversation.

Part 1, Chapter 4 Summary

The party bundles up to sit on the porch as evening sets in, at Lois’s request. They talk briefly touch on the rebellion, but Lois’s aunt and uncle turn the conversation back to meaningless topics like their upcoming tennis party. When they go back in, Lois tells them she will walk down the drive a bit, hoping to get away but also hoping they will miss her. She recalls dancing down the lane once with a soldier named Gerald, and she thinks of how she isn’t as lighthearted and carefree as Hugo seems to think. She does like, however, to live up to what others think of her, behaving as if she is having fun even when she isn’t.


She hears someone walking by with a determined step, and remains hidden. She almost calls out to the stranger. She thinks he must walk so determinedly out of feeling for Ireland, and she thinks of how she struggles to feel much for her country. She runs back home to tell the others of her “adventure,” but by the time she arrives, she realizes they likely would not listen to her. She goes upstairs without saying goodnight, and her uncle Richard is forced to wait up until late to lock the doors, believing she has not yet come home.

Part 1, Chapter 5 Summary

It is the day of the Naylors’ tennis party. There are more guests than anticipated because Lois has invited so many people. Lady Naylor and the guests wonder where Lois is, and Lady Naylor and Lois’s friend Livvy instruct people about which tennis set they are to join and where to put carpets out for people to sit on the grass.


Lois returns, and two young guests comment obliquely on Gerald’s feelings for her, pointing her out to him. He is unembarrassed at how clear his love for her is. Lady Naylor sends Laurence and Hugo to search for tennis balls in the brush around the court. Hugo is annoyed by Laurence’s willingness to admit to the discomfort and unhappiness of his life. Laurence admits to being in Ireland with his family because he has no money to do anything else. As Hugo passes Lois and Gerald on the way to rejoin the party, Lois tells Gerald, looking down at her tennis racket, that she thinks he has illusions about her and doesn’t truly know her.

Part 1, Chapter 6 Summary

Party guests talk of how they aren’t – or shouldn’t be – worried about the rebellion. Gerald and Lois talk about a barracks that recently burned down, and Lois notes that everyone knows why Gerald’s unit didn’t make it there on time to stop the fire, insinuating support for the Irish cause. She notes how her life seems a series of nothings and how she wishes she felt when things like the burning barracks happened. Lois thinks about how she might describe Gerald to her friend Viola from school, who seems to be much better at being a grown-up than Lois. Lois imagines that Viola played at being a girl like Lois feels she plays at being a woman. She knows if she describes Gerald to Viola, Viola will declare Lois in love with him, making Lois more certain of her feelings, which frightens Lois. Lady Naylor calls Lois over to engage with their guests, annoyed that Lois is so distant at a party thrown for her entertainment.

Part 1, Chapter 7 Summary

Guests slowly leave Danielstown. After lingering for a time with Laurence, Francie goes inside and starts to chat with Lady Naylor. Francie broaches the subject of how fond Gerald is of Lois, and how everyone talks about them. Lady Naylor insists Francie must have been thinking of another man – an officer rather than a subaltern – and that nothing could happen between Lois and Gerald. Lois can’t help overhearing through thin walls, but as she hears Francie about to describe Lois, she makes a clatter to alert them to her nearness. She can’t bear to hear herself defined.

Part 1, Chapter 8 Summary

Sir Richard hears about the rumors of Lois and Gerald, and he and Lady Naylor lecture Lois. They tell her about three young girls who were captured and had their hair cut off in retaliation for them walking out with English soldiers. Lois dismisses their words, saying she would use it as a sign to wear her hair cropped, and she decides that their lectures are enough to make her want to fall in love with a married man. She writes to her friend Viola that she has feelings for Hugo, but she regrets it soon after.


Lois drives Hugo back home from Mount Isabel one day, and they briefly talk of Ireland’s problems. She insists that war is ridiculous, because fighting for peace only causes more fighting. Back at the house, she finds Viola’s response to her letter, and Livvy waits for her. Livvy wonders if something has happened to the soldiers, including Gerald and Mr. Armstrong, since they have not heard from the men. She believes if they are injured, the girls could care for the men and prove their value. In her letter, Viola reminds Lois to remain detached with men. As Lois passes Hugo and Francie’s room, the door slips open, and she sees Hugo brushing his wife’s hair. Francie and Lois meet each other’s eyes in the vanity mirror and smile, but Hugo doesn’t notice.

Part 1 Analysis

Part 1 sets the scene and reveals the lives of the Anglo Irish residents, who attempt to live as they always have despite being surrounded by the threatened violence of the Irish War of Independence as it nears their own homes. Like many modernist novels, The Last September does not follow all of the traditional elements of storytelling. Although Part 1 does provide exposition, introducing characters and the social and political setting, the exposition is relatively slow, following the stagnant, meandering lives of Lois’s family. The narration also often utilizes the modernist tools of multiple perspectives and stream-of-consciousness. The text is written in the third-person, but that third-person narration alternates between revealing the events of the novel through each character’s perspective. However, the novel most commonly reveals events from Lois’s perspective. Like many modernist narrators, she experiences feelings of stagnation and confusion about what she wants from life.


Part 1 also reveals a scene of light-hearted enjoyment of life while the characters experience only minimal effects of the war on their daily lives. The characters, especially the older Sir Richard and Lady Naylor, cling to the remnants of their comfortable lives as they have known them. They host parties, dismiss the concerns of outsiders, and attempt to enforce their expectations of what is “acceptable,” such as whom Lois can and cannot marry. They keep themselves to their homes at night to protect themselves from patrolling soldiers, and some characters experience fleeting reminders of the dangers (such as when Lois nearly runs into a soldier on the avenue of her home), but otherwise they act as if nothing has changed. One moment that clearly demonstrates the disconnection that many of the Anglo Irish people feel in relation to the war is when two of the young women at the tennis party reflect on Gerald and his safety as he goes back to the barracks that evening: They “only hoped he would not be shot on the way home; though they couldn’t help thinking how, if he should be, they would both feel so interesting afterwards” (49). Many of the Anglo Irish characters exhibit the same carelessness about the war and others’ safety. Like these young women, Laurence often wishes more dangerous things would happen to his own home just to “liven up” his life. Part 1 sets up the myopic status quo of these characters’’ lives to emphasize the later destruction of those lives.


The carefully manicured home and grounds of the Naylors provides an early example of the extent of The Protections of Power and Privilege. The wealth and status of upper-class Anglo Irish society and the juxtaposition of that privilege with the violence of the Irish War of Independence create feelings of isolation and confused identity for Lois. The other characters also struggle not to reveal their internal conflicts as Anglo Irish living in Ireland. Sir Richard and Lady Naylor wave away Francie Montgomery’s concerns about their safety in that part of Ireland, and they intend to maintain their privileged positions, while exhibiting sympathy for their lower-class neighbors. Their privilege keeps them safe to an extent, away from the danger of the fighting, but also creates a false sense of security that will endanger them later in the novel.


Lois’s struggles with her Personal Identity During Political Upheaval are clear from early on in The Last September. She feels trapped between girlhood and womanhood, and she struggles to understand what she wants from her life as an adult. When the Montmorencys comment on her youth, she notes that “[s]he could not hope to explain that her youth seemed to her also rather theatrical and that she was only young in that way because grown-up people expected it. She had never refused a role” (40). Without being able to understand what she wants and how that might fit into her life despite her family’s expectations, she feels disconnected from her life and her own personality. Everything is a role, and Lois struggles to determine who she is, something that is made even more difficult as the social and political upheaval around her bring together people of differing classes and create a constant, if ignored, sense of danger. She, like her mother, wants others to decide things for her, but at the same time balks when she is put into a box, such as by Francie’s overheard description.


Part 1 shows early signs of The Decline of an Empire. In an obvious sense, the Irish War of Independence is a challenge to the power of the English empire. However, the empire and the dangers it faces show up in other ways in Part 1. Mrs. Vermont, the wife of one of the officers in the visiting English army, reveals the paternalism England often exhibited with those they oppressed: “[…] you see we didn’t come over to enjoy ourselves, did we? We came to take care of all of you – and of course, we are ever so glad to be able to do it’” (63). The English see Ireland as part of England’s property and the Irish as people they must control to protect their interests and the Anglo Irish (who represent English power in Ireland). The Irish Republican Army (IRA), however, is presenting a real challenge to English authority and oppression. The Anglo Irish characters, with their uncertain loyalty, express consistent irritation over English interference, despite the fact that they clearly want their society to remain unchanged. The precautions they take to avoid antagonizing the IRA reveal the erosion of the Anglo Irish way of life and, by extension, the erosion of English imperial power.

blurred text
blurred text
blurred text

Unlock all 45 pages of this Study Guide

Get in-depth, chapter-by-chapter summaries and analysis from our literary experts.

  • Grasp challenging concepts with clear, comprehensive explanations
  • Revisit key plot points and ideas without rereading the book
  • Share impressive insights in classes and book clubs