50 pages • 1-hour read
Meagan ChurchA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of child death, death by suicide, illness, mental illness, and gender discrimination.
Lulu, a young wife and mother, is the novel’s first-person narrator and protagonist. She begins the text by internalizing blame for failing to live up to the cultural standard of the ideal wife and mother. She finds it difficult to square her feelings of dissatisfaction with her life with the expectations of those around her: She cannot keep up with the Good Housekeeping cleaning schedule that her suburban neighborhood wives follow, maintain her outward appearance like her friend Nora, be sufficiently thrilled with her second pregnancy, or find fulfillment solely in the domestic sphere. Lulu has guilt for secretly wanting space to be alone, convinced that there’s something wrong with her. She assumes that no one else feels as she does, illustrating the twin burdens of Female Isolation and Conformity.
On meeting Bitsy Betser, Lulu begins to reconsider her response to her life. Bitsy’s acquiescence to her husband Gary’s demands and his infantilization of Bitsy unnerve Lulu, who gave up her independence and core aspects of her identity for her own marriage. Before meeting her future husband, Henry, Lulu went to college to escape the life that her mother leads; she felt compelled to accept Henry’s marriage proposal because her period was late and she worried about facing social opprobrium as a single mother.
Lulu is also undergoing psychological and physical symptoms of her undiagnosed lupus and postpartum depression that heighten her experience. She hallucinates that her stillborn daughter, Esther, is still alive and has sudden-onset synesthesia of colors that smell and sounds that have taste. This makes those around her unwilling to validate her feelings of inadequacy and unhappiness. Instead, the men in Lulu’s life want to find an easy solution, lumping her in with other dissatisfied wives typically treated with tranquilizers, institutionalization, electroconvulsive therapy, or lobotomy. Lulu’s women friends offer stories of an even bleaker alternative—death by suicide. Lulu tries, both before and after being committed to the sanatorium, to be the “good” wife Henry wants and endure the treatments of a medical community that pathologizes women’s frustration when they are routinely denied the same rights and considerations as men. No medical professionals actually examine Lulu’s symptoms, so her serious autoimmune condition goes untreated.
Ultimately, Lulu is vindicated by her mother’s correct identification of her lupus. Rebelling against the oppressive system that failed her, Lulu finds the strength to open up about her feelings. She and Henry finally grieve the death of their child and work to repair their broken marriage.
Bitsy is the wife and mother of the family that moves in across the street from the Mayfields. The name “Bitsy”—a diminutive of Elizabeth—makes her sound small and childlike; she is always perfectly coiffed, dressed, and obedient, though she is clearly not happy. After Bitsy’s sister died by suicide, leaving a daughter, Katherine, in Bitsy’s care, Bitsy’s resulting depression was deemed particularly treatment resistant, so her husband, Gary, authorized her lobotomy.
The novel implies that Gary’s legal and medical power over Bitsy is emotionally abusive. He infantilizes Bitsy by minimizing her feelings and physically steering her where he wants her to go, and she physically recoils from his touch. Gary tells Henry that they tried “pills and such” for Bitsy’s unhappiness (178), insinuating that it was the personality- and intellect-destroying lobotomy that finally created the wife he wanted. Gary appreciates Bitsy’s post-lobotomy complacent emptiness, menacingly telling Lulu that he’d do anything necessary to keep his own life calm.
In the novel, Bitsy functions as Lulu’s foil. Lulu feels antagonistic toward her and imagines her as a cautionary example: Lulu fears that Henry will take Gary’s advice and authorize a lobotomy for her. Both women are victims of The Dangers of Medical Misogyny, their bodily autonomy and agency taken away by men who want to control how they exhibit emotions. Both are also not allowed to grieve their profound losses: Bitsy must pretend that she didn’t know her sister and that her niece is really her daughter, while Lulu is surrounded by people who refuse to acknowledge her dead child. Finally, both women are in the process of being erased: Lulu has given up career and creative aspirations, and she notes that she’ll never know who Bitsy was prior to her lobotomy.
While the novel ends optimistically for Lulu, Bitsy’s story shows the dark version of patriarchal control of women. Gary moves his family away from Greenwood after his treatment of his wife becomes publicly known, taking Bitsy somewhere else where she will have no support system.
Lulu’s husband, Henry, is a well-meaning product of his time. He isn’t intentionally vicious, abusive, or negligent like Gary, but he does expect Lulu to fulfill the role of wife and mother without thanks or consideration for her feelings or desires. He isn’t particularly exacting, as he doesn’t notice the house’s less-than-clean condition. However, he also pays little attention to her needs. He never asks how Lulu’s feeling after their daughter’s death, accuses her of inordinate moodiness, and claims that what she really needs is a dishwasher. Henry’s misguided ideas show that he is more influenced by consumer culture and the casual misogyny of his time than by any understanding of his wife as a person. He listens to doctors who do not examine Lulu; husbands like Gary and Jack, who publicly demean their wives; and women who have internalized patriarchal oppression, like his mother, who gives him Dr. Ruthledge’s number.
Like all the novel’s adult male characters, Henry represents the oppressive social structure that teaches men to treat women as inherently inferior, showing Patriarchy’s Infantilization of Women. However, Henry is also a dynamic character. At the end of the novel, shocked into the realization that Lulu has a serious autoimmune illness that doctors missed, he realizes the harm he did with his inattention to Lulu’s feelings and his unwillingness to grieve their daughter’s death.
These male doctors are the most overt representations of The Dangers of Medical Misogyny. Dr. Collins, the Mayfields’ family doctor, uses euphemisms rather than talking explicitly with Lulu about her mental health after Esther’s stillbirth. He speaks to her not as an equal but as an inferior, childlike being. Like Henry, Collins isn’t intentionally cruel; rather, he is guided by pre-existing sexism to ignore Lulu’s lived experience and instead perceive her as a generically unhappy housewife. This is why he defaults to prescribing her a tranquilizer to manage her feelings of “hysteria”; he simply assumes that she has mental-health challenges and does not investigate a physiological cause for her symptoms. His practice of medicine for his female patients is lazy at best and harmful at worst.
Dr. Ruthledge is a more extreme example of how misogyny medically endangers women; his name is so close to the word “ruthless” that his malign intentions are telegraphed immediately. Despite Lulu’s grief and evident distress, he coldly forces her to acknowledge Esther’s death to prove his authority over her: “He had one task: to get my admission. He didn’t care how much it hurt me” (241). When she volunteers her opinion about treatment options, he dismissively says that they needn’t discuss specifics. Later, when Lulu refuses electroconvulsive therapy several times, he simply ignores her and proceeds with his recommendation. Ruthledge has little interest in Lulu’s autonomy or agency as an adult; he routinely speaks to Henry about her without her present and describes treatments as for her own good, implying that she’s incapable of knowing what is best for her. Though her telltale butterfly facial rash appears while she’s under his care, Ruthledge misses this symptom of lupus. His bias against women, inculcated in part by patriarchal society, makes Lulu a survivor of his institution.



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