The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks

The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks by Jeanne Theoharis is a biographical study of the life of Rosa Parks that reveals the ways her activism extended beyond her famous refusal to move on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus and the ways that this decision impacted her life. Theoharis explores Parks’s role as a symbol for the civil rights movement and her dedication to improving the lives of Black Americans.

Theoharis is a Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Brooklyn College. She is the author of 11 books, as well as many other journal publications, on civil rights and the Black Power Movement. Her biography on Rosa Parks won the 2014 NAACP Image Award and the Letitia Woods Brown Award from the Association of Black Women Historians. This study guide utilizes the 2013 edition from Beacon Press.

Content Warning: This source material describes violence against Black individuals, including details of sexual violence and abuse.

Summary

The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks looks beyond the legacy of the woman popularly called the “Mother of the Civil Rights Movement.” The biography explores Parks’s continual efforts to battle injustice and discrimination both before and after her actions on December 1,1955. For a decade prior, Parks worked for the NAACP and the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). She devoted her time to educating herself and advocating for voting rights, justice, and desegregation. Then, one day, on a bus ride home, Parks was ordered to stand up from a middle seat so a white man could take it. After years of fighting and feeling frustrated over the complacency and the immovable nature of the South, she was tired and refused to budge. She was arrested.

That fateful moment elevated her to legendary status and fixed her reputation in the civil rights movement. However, few people took interest in her political activism in Detroit following her departure from Montgomery, nor did they notice her constant reminders to the press that countless others contributed to the demanding work of rebellion for the civil rights movement. Parks became a symbol, but the reality of her life was something starkly different. She and her family suffered from constant death threats, which led her husband to increase his alcohol consumption. Her health declined; she developed severe stomach ulcers and heart complications. Raymond and Rosa Parks both lost their jobs and struggled financially for a decade after the bus boycott. While traveling across the country fighting for civil rights, Parks privately suffered.

Theoharis’s work explores the themes of “The Legacy and Meaning of Rebellion,” “The Cost of Activism,” and “The Narrative of Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights Movement.” Parks was more than a symbol; she was a person who encompassed all the intricate dualities of humanity. Her experiences were complex and nuanced, and although she believed in the work she was doing, she had many conflicting feelings about the consequences of that work. She was not just dignified and ladylike. She was also angry. She was not just peaceful. She was also fiery.

Chapter 1 of Theoharis’s book explores Parks’s legacy of rebellion. Her mother was a teacher who strongly believed in the power of education. Her grandfather was enslaved as a young man, and he instilled pride and skepticism in his granddaughter. Her family’s influence helped her challenge the conditions of the world around her and reject the notion that she must be content with the status quo. When Rosa met Raymond Parks, his activism astounded her. He introduced her to a new world that allowed her to explore her desire to enact change.

Raymond introduced Rosa to the NAACP. Chapter 2 details her work with the organization and her work with E. D. Nixon to challenge the complacency of their chapter. Parks and Nixon focused on voting rights and discriminatory practices, helping young Black Montgomery residents to register. Parks had her own struggles registering to vote and was denied numerous times for petty—sometimes imaginary—reasons. By the time the Supreme Court announced its ruling on the Brown v. Board of Education case, Parks was highly frustrated and downtrodden at the state of the civil rights movement. She attended the Highlander Folk School, and the experience changed her life, renewing her fervor for the cause.

Chapter 3 addresses Parks’s well-known refusal to stand on the Montgomery city bus on December 1, 1955. She was sitting in the middle of the bus—a section that was open to Black riders—beside three other Black passengers when the bus suddenly became full. The bus driver, James Blake, ordered Rosa's row to move to prevent a white man from having to stand. This meant that four Black passengers would be forced to stand so one white person could sit. The fable that was spun regarding Parks was that she was tired, and her feet hurt. However, this was not the type of tired she felt. Having worked for the NAACP for nearly a decade, carefully detailing the numerous atrocities committed against Black Montgomery citizens and fighting unjust segregation and voting practices, she was tired of unfair and unethical treatment. Theoharis portrays Parks’s refusal to move seats that day as one instance in a legacy of integrity and statement-making, both before and after this most famous incidence.

Parks became a symbol of the movement for her refusal to give up her seat. Chapter 4 explores the bus boycott following December 1 and the role she played in motivating and mobilizing the city of Montgomery. The bus boycott elevated Martin Luther King, Jr.’s status, and Parks unknowingly sparked a fire. Chapter 5 contrasts her position as a symbol of the movement with the reality of her situation. She was suffering. Her association with the civil rights movement made her a target for white supremacists. She, Raymond, and her mother fielded constant harassment and terrifying phone calls. Their health declined, and Raymond and Rosa both lost their jobs. Although she was still working around the clock for the movement, no organization would hire her or pay her for the work she was already doing for free. Parks’s activism came at a cost, and Theoharis explores this truth within the context that civil rights activism is something different from a fable of triumph and the easy erasure of racism. The movement was a struggle.

Raymond and Rosa decided to leave Montgomery and move to Detroit to be closer to her brother and to hopefully find jobs someplace where they might not immediately be associated with the bus boycott. Chapter 6 details this time in Detroit. Parks decried the fable that the civil rights movement was over and that its problems existed only in the American South. Detroit was rife with its own Northern brand of injustice and discrimination. Parks worked for John Conyers’s campaign in 1964. He later hired her, and she worked for him for the rest of her life.

In Chapter 7, Theoharis covers Parks’s time working for Conyers while also pursuing personal political activism. She was keenly interested in the Black Power movement and a great admirer of Malcolm X. She bemoaned the false narratives that surrounded herself, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the civil rights movement. She believed in both nonviolence and self-defense, and she believed in a show of power. In the conclusion, Theoharis grapples with Rosa Parks as a symbol versus Rosa Parks as a person. She recognizes both what the symbol of the woman did for the movement and the adverse effects of her efforts on the person and the cause.