Born near present-day Gambia and Ghana, Phillis is a kidnapped slave who becomes an internationally renowned American poet. Following her purchase by the Wheatley family, she learns to read and write English alongside classical languages like Greek and Latin. She consumes poetry by historical masters and develops a signature style using heroic couplets. She hopes the American fight for independence will eventually lead to the abolition of slavery.

Washington is a Virginian general and plantation owner who possesses military experience from the French and Indian War. Congress elects him to lead the Continental Army as its Commander in Chief. In Wheatley's poem, he acts as the central subject, elevated to mythological status as a virtuous warrior hero fighting for the colonies' freedom.

Columbia is a metaphorical goddess embodying the early spirit of the American commonwealth. She appears divinely fair and leaps to the defense of freedom, acting as a celestial protector for the revolutionary armies. Her presence in the poem helps establish a mythological foundation for the new country.

Susanna is the wife of an affluent Boston businessman. She brings the young Phillis into her home and provides her with a comprehensive education. She later grants Phillis her freedom following the poet's trip to London.

John is a wealthy tailor and businessman operating in Boston. Along with his wife, he purchases Phillis at a slave market and supports her extensive education in classical literature.

John Peters is a free Black man living in Boston. He owns and operates a local grocery store and marries Phillis Wheatley after she secures her freedom.

Eolus is the classical god of wind. Wheatley invokes his name to draw a comparison between a strong gale force and the violent energy of a battlefield. His storms parallel the urgency of the revolutionary fight.

Franklin is a prominent American dignitary. He meets with Wheatley while she is abroad working to publish her first book of poetry, representing the high-profile social circles she accesses through her literary success.

Whitefield is a British minister known for his long marches and sermons during the Great Awakening. His preaching energizes the Christian presence in the colonies, and his death prompts Wheatley to write a piece that brings her international attention.