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Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of racism, death, child abuse, child death, graphic violence, child sexual abuse, rape, and pregnancy termination.
It is the summer of 1917 in Idaho, where Robert Grainier is working construction for the Spokane International Railway. He witnesses coworkers carrying a Chinese laborer believed to be a thief. Because they are struggling, Grainier helps transport the man to the top of the bridge being built over the Moyea River. The alleged thief twists to get free and speaks in a language Grainier doesn’t understand. At the top, with other workers looking on, they try to fling the man to his death. However, he clings to them, weeps, and then leaps to the bridge’s beams and scrambles down the structure. Despite someone shooting at him, he escapes and vanishes.
After this ordeal, Grainier walks to the village of Meadow Creek to get Sarsaparilla—a medicine used to combat colds and other illnesses—for his wife and daughter. Then he trudges home to his cabin, deep in the woods. After stopping to bathe in the river, Grainier continues the trek, imagining that the Chinese laborer is everywhere.
Grainier’s wife, Gladys, happily takes the medicine and hopes it will also help their four-month-old daughter, Kate. As Gladys thanks Grainier, he worries that the Chinese man cursed them and regrets not killing him. Later that night, a train’s whistle wakes him, and he finds Gladys feeding Kate. Curious, he asks if the baby knows as much as a puppy might. Gladys supposes that until the baby knows words, a dog would know more than her because it could survive in the wild after being weaned. At the end of this conversation, the baby looks at Grainier, and he feels vulnerable. He will remember this moment for the rest of his life.
Forty-one days later, Grainier watches as a train crosses the Eleven-Mile Cutoff Bridge over the Moyea River. It is a feat of engineering, yet “Grainier felt sad” (11). However, he seeks out similar work, and in 1920, he goes to Washington state to repair the Robinson Gorge Bridge. When that is complete, he joins the Simpson Company to remove timber from the forests. Sawyers cut down the trees, limbers clean off the branches, buckers cut the trees into logs, and chokers fasten cables to haul the logs out.
Grainier is a choker, and he relishes the hard work, for he enjoys being among the colossal trees. An older worker, Arn Peeples, warns him that a tree is a person’s friend until that person tries to cut it down. The men toil from sunrise until dinner. Exhausted, they sleep in tents that Peeples claims are from the Civil War era.
Peeples tells stories of when he was a sawyer, calling everyone else “Minnesota fellers,” no matter where they come from. He recalls his days working in Arizona. Claiming to have been to Tombstone and met the Earp brothers, he worked in mines and logged. The oldest among their crew, he now works as the powder monkey—the person who excavates tunnels with dynamite.
This dangerous job sometimes results in a dud charge, a blast that fails to ignite. This requires Peeples to enter the tunnels and inspect the charge, which could detonate. However, Peeples dies not in an explosion but several days after getting hit in the head by a “widowmaker,” a dead branch that fell from a tree. He recovers from the blow but experiences dizziness and forgetfulness; then he contracts a fever and does not wake one morning. The crew honors him with a makeshift gravesite, and his friend Billy says a few words.
After Peeples’s death, the workers wonder if it was a brain injury or an illness that claimed his life, for he was delirious at the end. Billy works as a grease monkey with the captain’s son, a 12-year-old named Harold. Two days after Peeples’s death, Harold collapses in dizziness. When he falls, he nearly gets trampled by horses, but Grainier saves him. That same night, Billy comes down with a fever and raves in his sleep. Harold recovers, but Billy does not. By the week’s end, the job is done, but six more men get sick. The captain disbands them for fear of another influenza epidemic.
Years later, in the 1960s, Grainier remembers these days when he watches ironworkers on a bridge across the Moyea River. When the workers finish, they jump into a net, and Grainier marvels at how he used to swing from the girders. Now, he is old and struggles to stand from a stool. It occurs to him how long he has lived and how much he has seen. He remembers how, in 1950, he saw the World’s Fattest Man, who had to be removed from his trailer by a crane. Grainier confuses the order of events in his life, for he believes that he saw the World’s Fattest Man on the same day that Elvis Presley rolled through town. He also remembers seeing a wolf-boy and flying in a biplane. Ultimately, his story began on a train.
Grainier remembers riding a train alone to Idaho when he was little, to live with his aunt’s family. He cannot recall where he came from or his parents, and no one ever shares this information with him. He believes that he was born in 1886 in either Canada or Utah. On the train for several days, Grainier had his destination—Fry, Idaho—pinned to his chest. One of his cousins says he spoke only French on his arrival, while her brothers insist he was a Mormon. By the time Grainier considers consulting his aunt and uncle, who he considered his parents, they were already dead.
His earliest memory in Idaho is when he and his uncle watched as hundreds of Chinese families were forced to leave town on flatcars. Grainier remembers their voices sounding like birds and how children were pushed to the inside of the flatcar while men sat along the edges. Grainier did not wonder where they were deported to until the day he helped almost kill the Chinese laborer. He learns that they were deported to Montana into an area known as China Basin.
He also remembers when the Kootenai River flooded and carried whole buildings away. Near where his family lived, an older gentleman repaired boots. Inside his shop, he kept beeswax that he used to wax thread. Grainier and his cousins would steal hunks of it, for it tasted like candy. One day, the man called them into the shop as he spit tobacco into the jar of beeswax. Then, he offered them a taste and laughed hysterically.
In 1899, Fry merged with another town to become Bonner’s Ferry. Grainier attended school there until his early teens. After his aunt and uncle passed away, he lived with his eldest cousin. During this time, he spent his days fishing on the Kootenai River. One day, “he came on an itinerant bum, a ‘boomer’” (30), sitting against a tree nursing an injured leg. Dirty and dusty, the man, William Coswell Haley, had been cut on the back of his knees and wanted to share a few things before he died. Grainier could only look on, mouth agape.
Haley told his story. The backs of his knees were cut by a man called Big-Ear Al, who also stole $14. Because he could not walk, he would sit there until he rotted and died. About four years prior, he had a good job and lived with his brother’s family. However, he raped his niece Susan each night. He claimed that she never woke up. One day, he arrived home from work to find his sister-in-law weeping. Her husband had beaten Susan to death because she was pregnant. Hearing this, William walked to the railroad, hopped on a flatcar and lived on the go ever since. After telling his story, he requested that Grainier bring him a drink of water.
The novella immediately establishes a juxtaposition between Grainier and the world he lives in, highlighting the text’s thematic focus on Industrial Progress and the Erosion of Wilderness. Grainier is introduced as someone strong and helpful despite the cruel world he lives in. Working for the Spokane International Railway gang, he possesses the strength and endurance necessary for the hard labor. Furthermore, his first action is to assist co-workers: “As this group passed him, Grainier, seeing them in some distress, lent assistance and found himself holding one of the culprit’s bare feet” (3-4). Diction like “assistance” indicates that he intends to be helpful, for he sees his co-workers in “distress.” However, this considerate action is tempered by what he is helping with: “an attempt on the life of a Chinese laborer” who is assumed to be a thief (4). Although catching a criminal is valiant, killing him as punishment is not, especially with the text’s implication that the theft hasn’t even been confirmed. This opening scene establishes the paradox of Grainier’s existence, as his kindness is in direct contrast with the harshness of frontier life.
Structurally, the narrative begins in a linear fashion, but after the first vignette, it becomes a mixture of past, present, and future, reflecting the features of modernist literature. The result is a series of snapshots of Grainier’s life, placed non-linearly, like in a photo album assembled out of order. After men on his logging team fall ill and the group is disbanded, the narration jumps between points in Grainier’s life in the 1960s, 1950s, and even 1927. Ultimately, his recollections are a jumble, and even he “confused the chronology of the past” (23). This frenetic narrative structure emphasizes Grainier’s predilection to dwell on the past. It also serves to capture the highs and lows of his life and “that he’d lived almost eighty years and had seen the world turn and turn” (22). This progression is emphasized by the mention of his life’s story beginning “on a train ride he couldn’t remember” (24), as throughout the narrative, the locomotive represents life’s journey and the passage of time. The final chapter in this section recounts how he arrived in Idaho on a train, not really knowing anything about his past. These vignettes establish that although time passes linearly, how a person’s life unfolds results from a combination of the present moment and past experiences.
The novella’s exploration of industrial progress and the erosion of wilderness also emerges through Grainier’s description of his work, logging. He notes that “cut off from anything else that might trouble them, the gang […] fought the forest from sunrise until suppertime, felling and bucking the giant spruce into pieces of a barely manageable size, accomplishing labors, Grainier sometimes thought, tantamount to the pyramids, changing the face of the mountainsides” (15). When he speaks of fighting and the tasks of “felling and bucking the giant spruce,” the diction is reminiscent of a battle against monsters in an ancient epic. His team’s task is to tame nature, a laborious and daunting endeavor. He makes this point by comparing it to the building of the pyramids, an incredible feat, and one that similarly alters the appearance of the environment. These references highlight man’s quest to establish control over nature and the necessarily corresponding erosion of wilderness. This is emphasized years later, when he watches ironworkers on a bridge and marvels at the progress that has been made since he worked in the 1920s.
This focus on the past fuels the theme of Memory as Hindrance and Help in both Grainier and the minor character William Coswell Haley. Initially, Grainier utilizes memory to decipher his identity and find his place in the world. Possessing only the knowledge that he arrived in Idaho on a train, Grainier is given, by his cousins, differing stories of where he had come from, but the one consistent detail is that Grainier had “arrived after several days on the train with his destination pinned to his chest” (26). The train is one constant in his memories, and here, it brings him to a family that will care for and protect him. Haley, on the other hand, is compelled to tell his story to prolong his literal survival after being fatally injured. He tells a young Grainier, “I’ve got just one or two things that must be said, or they’ll go to my grave” (30). His story is a confession of the rape he committedly repeatedly against his young niece, resulting in her pregnancy and death. His confession serves to prolong his life, but it is also an attempt to atone for his sins, something he must do before he dies. In both cases, memory is linked to survival: for Grainier, it brings clarity, and for Haley, repentance.



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