63 pages 2-hour read

Ariel Lawhon, Kristina McMorris, Susan Meissner

When We Had Wings

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2023

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Part 4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 4: “1944”

Part 4, Chapter 20 Summary: “Lita”

Manila, January 1944


Medical supplies are scarce, and Lita has difficulty getting things to smuggle into Santo Tomas. On her way to the camp, a nun stops her, asking her to treat a sick child. Santa Catalina Convent has been turned into an orphanage for children of those killed in the war. There, Lita sees a young boy who’s gravely ill, and she promises Sister Cecilia that she won’t leave until he’s well again.

Part 4, Chapter 21 Summary: “Eleanor”

Los Baños Prison Camp, January 1944


Eleanor receives a care package from home but no news of John Olson. The prisoners play a game of baseball against the Japanese soldiers; after the soldiers lose a few innings badly, the commandant cancels the game and announces there will be no more baseball. Eleanor recognizes one player as the ensign who greeted her when she arrived in Manila, David Mathis. They meet after her shift and talk until curfew. She sees David’s selflessness when he says he shared the contents of his care package with others in his barracks, and they talk about what they might do after the war; he says Eleanor should come to San Diego.

Part 4, Chapter 22 Summary: “Penny”

Santo Tomas Internment Camp, February 1944


A senior military officer, Colonel Onozaki, takes over the camp. He ends the package line and other contacts with the outside world.


The new commandant speaks no English, so Akibo’s role as interpreter gives him a sense of power. Jim Hobbs demands to know whether they’ll still be allowed to receive letters and parcels, as required under the Geneva Convention, “which your prime minister has signed” (249). Penny thinks this is a clever argument, even though Japan never ratified the agreement, because it asks the Japanese to either honor their intentions or admit intent to commit war crimes.


The camp’s delicate economy falls apart. Food portions are smaller than Onozaki promised, and Maude and Penny fret over Newt, adding their portions to her plate, because she’s not growing as she should. One night, Captain Akibo stops Penny and Newt. He asks Penny if she’s ready to be his mistress yet and then shares a large chocolate bar with Newt, which she devours; he suggests that more such favors would be hers if Penny submits.

Part 4, Chapter 23 Summary: “Eleanor”

Los Baños Prison Camp, March 1944


Eleanor and David grow closer, and she tells him about John Olson. David suggests that John might return her feelings, but she insists that she was mistaken to believe he ever had feelings for her. She and David agree to continue as friends but agree that they wouldn’t mind if it became something more.


More civilians arrive at the camp, and Eleanor can’t understand why the Japanese don’t just send them back to the US or Europe. Peg says they’ll never do what the enemy wants.

Part 4, Chapter 24 Summary: “Lita”

Santa Catalina Convent, May 1944


Lita and Reyna care for the children at the convent, and Ida Hube uses her funds to provide things they need. Jun-Jun, the boy she saved from fever, is one of Lita’s favorites.


At night, Lita and Reyna hear guards in the street. Lita, expecting to be arrested, confesses her smuggling to Reyna, who says she knew. Kempeitai officers storm the apartment, arresting Reyna, whom they accuse of helping guerilla fighters. Lita recalls that Reyna’s brothers are fighting Japanese forces in the jungle.

Part 4, Chapter 25 Summary: “Eleanor”

Los Baños Prison Camp, August 1944


A new quartermaster, Lieutenant Konishi, instates routine punishment and reduces food allotments by 20%. He leaves wild fruit and food deliveries to rot in the sun, forcing prisoners to scavenge whatever they can find. Eleanor is especially disgusted by how innocent children at the camp starve while the guards have plates heaping with nutritious food. Mothers lack milk to feed their infants, and the women of the camp stop menstruating due to malnutrition.


David tells her that MacArthur is back in the Philippines and rescue is coming. As people begin to die of starvation-related illnesses, Eleanor struggles to have hope, knowing that Konishi wants to kill them all.

Part 4, Chapter 26 Summary: “Penny”

Santo Tomas Internment Camp, September 1944


Using a hidden radio, the internees learn that US pilots conducted a stealth raid on Manila. Penny frets that the camp looks like a military base, making it a potential target for bombers, and Maude says that’s the point: If US forces destroy the camp, the Japanese won’t have to answer for its conditions. In retaliation for US advances, Onozaki cuts food rations again.


Father Domingo shares news that the Japanese are doing poorly in the war, and Penny notes that their captors are taking out their anger on the prisoners. It will end soon, he assures her, hinting that the camp “is not as secure as our enemies believe” (275). The prisoners present Onozaki with a formal written complaint. He says he “cannot be required to meet the strange and unhealthy dietary requirements of the American palate” (275), denying any malnutrition or hunger.


Father Domingo brings supplies for Penny and Newt, smuggling them through a tunnel under the chapel. However, the Japanese discover this, so they set the church on fire and then shoot Father Domingo and throw his body into the burning building. Penny is grief-stricken. Jim Hobbs tells her it’s revenge for the continuing advance of US troops. She knows rescue could be weeks or months away. Food is so scarce that the prisoners begin frying grass in cold cream; Penny refuses to eat it and forbids Newt from eating it but wonders how long it will be before she has to take Akibo up on his offer.


That night, soldiers search their room for the radio, which gets moved from place to place to keep it hidden; tonight it’s in a bucket near Penny’s bed. She sits on the bucket, holding Newt in her arms. As soldiers approach, Newt vomits cold cream and fried grass (which she stole while women were cooking it) all over herself and Penny. Disgusted, the guards leave. Newt is distraught about making a mess, but Penny says she saved their lives.

Part 4, Chapter 27 Summary: “Lita”

Santa Catalina Convent, December 1944


Lita and Ida Hube continue doing what they can to help the children at the convent, who are preparing for a New Year’s celebration. Lita asks after Reyna, but Ida knows only that the Kempeitai are still holding her. As Ida prepares to leave, the Kempeitai arrive and arrest Lita.

Part 4 Analysis

The pace of events quickens, building tension, as the end of the war nears. Historically, 1944 marked several key battles in the Philippines that turned the tide in the Allies’ favor, including the Battle of the Philippine Sea (June), the Battle of Leyte Gulf (October), and the Battle of Luzon (December). In the novel, Penny summarizes these events and the Japanese response:


The Allies were gaining ground, winning vital battles across the South Pacific. […] The war could not last much longer. But now their Japanese captors were behaving like wounded dogs, lashing out at prisoners and tightening control in any way they could (271).


Though readers likely know when and how the war will end, the novel maintains tension by raising the stakes for the characters, juxtaposing hope and despair: The sight of US planes in the air can’t undo the cruelties happening on the ground, and rescue in a year is meaningless when starvation is imminent. As in other sections, the specifics of the historical context and Japan’s violations of the Geneva Convention contribute a sense of realism, while the characters’ reactions convey the surreal nature of war: Eleanor’s thankfulness that starvation causes the women to stop menstruating since they lack sanitary supplies, Lita’s recurring memory of Dr. Alvarez’s public execution, and Penny’s relief when Newt inadvertently saves their lives by vomiting grass and cold cream highlight the extremity of their circumstances. The casual violence of this suffering adds to the sense of horror and emphasizes the extent to which they’re subject to the mercies of fate and the occupying Japanese forces.


However, while these events create an increasingly dark and claustrophobic mood, the women’s responses illuminate their determination. Lita’s work with the orphans provides a new sense of purpose and a surrogate family, allowing her to stop feeling like an imposter. Penny’s willingness to do anything to protect Newt—even considering, but not accepting, Akibo’s offer—gives new confidence in her maternal instincts. Continuing to mirror one another, Penny and Lita both represent the depiction of nurses as caregivers and motherly figures. Though they despair at the obstacles they face in protecting the children under their care, their emotional connections provide moments of joy and relief from their ever-present burdens. Eleanor’s response to the suffering children she sees likewise aligns with her characterization: Distant but compassionate, she doesn’t bond with any one child but feels the responsibility of her profession heavily, responding with outrage and indignation at their plight. For Eleanor, the two people closest to her personify the struggle between hope and despair: Peg’s fatalistic pragmatism contrasts sharply with David’s indefatigable optimism, and both offer respite from Eleanor’s constant worries.


Structurally, these events and the juxtaposition of ideas frame the novel’s rising action as the questions and decisions the characters face leave them on a precipice as 1944 ends. This section’s epigraph—a Theodore Roosevelt quotation—sums up the determination with which each woman confronts her deteriorating conditions: “Courage isn’t having the strength to go on; it is going on when you don’t have the strength” (231). By showing each protagonist facing grimmer choices than ever before as 1945 approaches, the novel conveys that this is what they must continue to find courage. The Kempeitai’s arresting Lita, Eleanor’s realizing that Konishi’s only goal is “to kill them all” (269), and Penny’s dwindling options to keep herself and Newt alive create cliffhangers about whether they’ll find ways to succeed until Allied forces liberate them.

blurred text
blurred text
blurred text

Unlock all 63 pages of this Study Guide

Get in-depth, chapter-by-chapter summaries and analysis from our literary experts.

  • Grasp challenging concepts with clear, comprehensive explanations
  • Revisit key plot points and ideas without rereading the book
  • Share impressive insights in classes and book clubs