A Place of Greater Safety

Hilary Mantel

71 pages 2-hour read

Hilary Mantel

A Place of Greater Safety

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1992

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Part 5, Chapters 1-6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of graphic violence, sexual content, domestic violence, illness, and death.

Part 5, Chapter 1 Summary: “Conspirators (1792)”

Danton is appointed Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals in the new government. Camille is appointed his secretary along with Fabre. Danton and Camille will be moving to an apartment on the upscale Place Vendôme. Claude, Lucile’s father, notes that Danton is now the “establishment.” Camille is itching for a fight with the Brissotins. He is eager to write his father to tell him of his success. Danton wishes to appoint Robespierre to a position in government, but Robespierre refuses the post.


The city government, the Commune, locks the royal family up in the old Temple tower in the Marais. The people’s militias are roaming the city, locking up any suspected royalists. Robespierre and Danton agree that Camille should write the official account of the coup to send to the newspapers in the provinces. They worry that the Brissotins wish to create a federalist government with power devolved to the provinces. They feel this will “split the nation in parts” and make it vulnerable to attacks from foreign powers (498). 


Robespierre claims that the Brissotins——Brissot, Pétion, and Vergniaud——are agents of Austria who wish to make France into a federal republic so as to weaken the nation on behalf of Austria. Danton is skeptical of this absurd claim and requests proof. Robespierre also casts doubt on General Dumouriez’s loyalty to the revolutionary government. He tells Danton that the government has to be aggressive in “tackl[ing]” its enemies. He quotes Rousseau to bolster his argument, but Danton suspects he is quoting Rousseau out of context. Tension grows between Danton and Robespierre.



The revolutionary government brings in new names and policies. Divorce is made easy and legal. Sans-culottes, or working men, take to wearing red caps. Price controls are instituted. A new revolutionary calendar is created. Lafayette surrenders to the Austrians.


Fabre asks if the professional mistress Caroline Rémy can move in. Danton chastises him for wishing to pursue such scandalous behavior so publicly now that he has a public post. The Brissotins temporarily support Danton’s government. Danton agrees to appoint Camille’s cousin Fouquier-Tinville to an office in the Ministry of Justice.


The Prussian-Austrian armies cross the French border. The French military loses a number of key battles. Marat warns that the aristocrats will use an invasion of Paris to stage a counter-revolution and reclaim control of the government. He advises that they kill the royalists they have imprisoned to prevent this counter-revolution. On September 1, Verdun, two days away from Paris, falls to the Austrians. Danton gives a speech to the assembly to rally people’s spirits.


Marat, Camille, Hébert, Danton, and other members of a special committee of the Assembly go through lists of suspected royalists to be executed. Although Camille feels uneasy about the violence, he recognizes that “either we control it ourselves or it happens outside and beyond our control” (518). Fourteen hundred people are killed in the “September Massacres.” Robespierre announces to the special committee that Brissot was plotting to put the Duke of Brunswick on the throne of France and orders Brissot and his colleague Roland arrested. Danton is worried because he has given Brissotins many posts in his government.


Seeking comfort, he goes to his wife, Gabrielle, who rejects him. He then goes to Lucile, who also rejects him. He wonders if Camille knew about Robespierre’s plan to arrest Brissot and Roland.


Elections for the new National Convention (formerly the Assembly) are held. Many republicans win office. The Duke of Orléans, renamed Philippe Égalité, wins a seat. Camille does not initially win a seat, and Robespierre immediately suspects a Brissotin conspiracy. Robespierre lobbies for Camille to win the seat and he does. The city prepares for possible siege.


Danton tells Fabre he has arranged through General Dumouriez to “buy off” the Duke of Brunswick in his attempt to fight to claim the throne of France. The Duke wants diamonds in exchange for his surrender. Danton directs Fabre to steal the crown jewels to pay off the Duke of Brunswick.

Part 5, Chapter 2 Summary: “Robespierricide (1792)”

Mme Roland (“Manon”) is having an affair with Buzot, a Girondist. Danton has taken to spreading rumors about her infidelities after she commented aloud at the Riding-School that she could not understand how Gabrielle could stand to have sex with her husband, Danton. Fabre visits her to investigate her feelings about Danton, Camille, Robespierre, and their circle. Mme Roland says she disagrees with Camille that women should have the right to vote. Fabre confirms to Camille that Mme Roland is having an affair with someone, though he does not know who. Afraid her secret will be publicly revealed, Mme Roland pre-empts the disclosure by telling M. Roland of her affair. He is shocked and, after she leaves, he begins openly weeping.


Eléonore Duplay wants to marry Robespierre. She goes into his room and lies on his bed and convinces him to have sex with her. He is not very capable in bed. Later, he worries he will have to marry her if she becomes pregnant.


Camille tells Danton that Mme Roland is publicly claiming that Fabre stole the crown jewels. He urges Danton not to trust General Dumouriez. Danton dreams of leaving Paris. It is a reflection of his fear over his many vulnerabilities. Some time later, news of the French army’s victory over the Duke of Brunswick in Valmy reaches Paris.


The National Convention officially declares the French Republic. Danton and his coterie in the Convention become known as “the Mountain” because they sit in the high tier of seats on the left-hand side of the Convention chamber. The Brissotins or Girondins sit on the right-hand side of the Convention. The area between them is known as the Plain. 


Danton speaks every day at the Convention and becomes known for his passionate, stirring speeches. Louvet, a Girondin, plans to overthrow Robespierre, Danton, and Marat, known as “the Triumvirate.” The Brissotins bring in a private army in an attempt to bring them down. On October 10, Robespierre has the Brissotins expelled from the Jacobin Club. Louvet makes a speech denouncing Robespierre in the Convention for his role in the September Massacre, but Louvet is sweaty and “his voice shook a little” (551). Louvet fails to convince the assembly.


Charlotte and Augustin Robespierre come to live at the Duplay residence with Maximillien Robespierre. Charlotte is a busybody and acerbic; Maximillien asks her to leave.


On November 5, the public stands at the National Convention are full with people eager to hear Robespierre’s response to Louvet. In his speech, Robespierre refuses to apologize for the September Massacre, nor does he condemn it. Saint-Just, Camille’s cousin, lauds Robespierre for his unapologetic stance, while Camille and Danton are discomfited by Robespierre’s certainty about the justness of violence. The Duke of Orléans stops Camille from walking out in the middle of Robespierre’s speech. 


Later, Camille and Robespierre talk. Robespierre is thrilled at having overcome Louvet’s attempted attack. He asks Camille about the state of Danton and Gabrielle’s relationship. He urges Camille to urge Danton to stop having so many public affairs. Camille responds defensively; he chides Robespierre for his newfound prurience and judgmental attitude about people’s personal lives.


Later, in a section written in script rather than prose, Saint-Just upbraids Robespierre for his sentimental attachment to Camille.

Part 5, Chapter 3 Summary: “The Visible Exercise of Power (1792-1793)”

Danton leaves his post as Minister of Justice, but he continues to serve as a delegate to the Convention. He dreams of leaving Paris. The Danton family and the Desmoulins leave their apartments in Place Vendôme and move back to their old apartments on rue des Cordeliers. Gabrielle’s parents have moved to Sèvres, in the west of Paris. Gabrielle is glad to be back in their old apartments, but Lucile misses the glamor of Vendôme.


Tension mounts between Camille and Saint-Just. General Dillon returns victorious from the front and begins attempting to court Lucile. Lucile reflects how everyone assumes she is unfaithful to her husband when she loves him even more now than when she married him. Camille militates for the expulsion of the Brissotins from the Convention and for trials of the King and Queen.


Camille calls on Marat. He lives with his common-law wife, Simone, and his sister, Albertine. Camille attempts to persuade Marat to join in his attack on Brissot. Camille lays out his claims that Brissot colluded with the royal family to sabotage the revolution by promoting “destructive federalist policies” (576). Camille is shaken when Marat argues that the Brissotins will have to be executed. Camille reports that Jacques Roux and the sans-culottes have taken over the Cordeliers club. Marat complains that these “ultra-revolutionaries” are violent thugs who care only about cheap bread.


Hébert, known as Le Père Duchesne, writes an article denouncing the Rolands.


In script, Danton and Robespierre discuss how their two “revolutions” have not yet changed peoples’ lives. Danton worries about Robespierre’s ever-increasing paranoia. Danton goes to the Belgian front to learn more about the war effort.



In January, Robespierre gives a speech to the Convention arguing that “Louis [XVI] must die so that the nation can live” (586).

Part 5, Chapter 4 Summary: “Blackmail (1793)”

On January 13, Fabre asks Camille why he doesn’t address the Convention more. Camille reminds him that he recently spoke arguing that the new French republic should not try to annex new territory like a monarchy. Camille notes that Fabre seems nervous. Danton is returning to Paris for the hearing of Louis XVI. Lucile notes that despite claims the hearing is for the good of “the public safety […] one never feels any safer” (590).


Danton arrives home to find a letter that shocks him. The letter-writer alleges he has written proof Danton was paid by the British Foreign Office Secret Fund and is a spy for the British Crown. It threatens to inform the President of the Convention of this if he convicts Louis XVI. Danton despairs: He feels he should have killed all the royalists when he had the chance. He refuses to give in to the blackmail. He loses control of his temper and hits Gabrielle in the face. She barely reacts at first but eventually she grows hysterical and accuses Danton of self-destructive behavior. 


Danton sends Camille to confront the former president of the Convention, who may have already received this information, while Danton goes to see a deputy called Defermon. After Danton has left, Camille tells Gabrielle that all of the allegations against Danton are true. Gabrielle says she was already aware of these schemes: She recognizes it was how he paid off the mother of his first child and how he purchased her parents’ home in Sèvres. She explains she overlooked his behavior because she was afraid Danton would divorce her. She expects Camille to understand because they are in a “common predicament,” as both Camille and Gabrielle are “in love with” Danton (598).


Danton returns home with the accusatory letter, although without the related documents. He burns the letter. He feels that he is “going downhill now” (601).

Part 5, Chapter 5 Summary: “A Martyr, a King, a Child (1793)”

King Louis XVI is sentenced to death. That evening, a deputy, Michel Lepelletier, is stabbed to death at a restaurant. The next day, the King is guillotined.


By early February, France is at war with England, Holland, and Spain. Bread prices rise in Paris. There are counter-revolutionary riots around the country, including Paris. Danton returns to Belgium. Gabrielle goes into labor. Louise Gély is by her side. 


Gabrielle dies in labor. The infant survives but it is weak. Five days later, Danton returns home. Gabrielle has already been buried. Danton is devastated by his loss.

Part 5, Chapter 6 Summary: “A Secret History (1793)”

Robespierre writes Danton a long letter offering his condolences. Camille accompanies Danton in his grief. Danton burns Gabrielle’s journal.


In March, the French armies are defeated in Holland. In the Vendée, the counter-revolutionary riot tips into civil war. On March 8, Danton, looking harrowed with grief, gives a speech to rally morale and gain support for a new tax to support the war effort. In response, the Convention chants “septembriseur,” a reference to his role in the September Massacres, but the people rally to Danton.


Louise Gély, now age 15, waits for Danton to return home. He is surprised to see her in his apartment. A few days later, a deputy called Claude Dupin proposes to Louise. She refuses, thinking of Danton. Louise and Danton discuss Louise’s rather naïve views of the revolution and the monarchy. Danton is attracted to her. Danton returns to the Belgian front. He argues with General Dumouriez, who has closed the Jacobin clubs in Belgium. He encourages the General to write a speech to the Convention justifying his actions. 


Dumouriez informs Danton that he has had a letter from Roland, a Brissotin, urging him to use his armies to retake Paris and install the Duke of Orléans on the throne. Danton says he and Robespierre will use this letter to justify throwing Roland, Brissot, and the other Girondists out of the Convention. Dumouriez says if there was a monarchy, it would be easier to win the war, but Danton refuses to cede on his goal of creating a French republic. Dumouriez calls him an idealist.


On March 23, Danton returns to Paris. He goes to Louise Gély’s apartment and spends the day there, avoiding his official duties. She asks Danton why he had so many affairs if he loved his late wife, and he does not give a straight answer. He is shocked when he learns that his wife had thought he might divorce her. That night, he goes out drinking with Camille. The next morning, Louise talks to Camille in Danton’s apartment. Camille confesses Danton is “infatuated” with her.


That afternoon, Danton confers with Saint-Just, Robespierre, and Camille about the best course of action for handling Dumouriez. Saint-Just believes Dumouriez should be arrested for treason because of his correspondence with Roland. Danton favors a more measured approach.


Some time later, Dumouriez arrests the Minister of War and other representatives of the Convention and turns them over to Austria. He threatens to march on Paris. His troops mutiny. Along with the Duke of Orléans’s son, he surrenders to Austria as a prisoner of war. At the Convention, Robespierre gives a stirring speech calling for the Duke of Orléans’ head. Marat proposes “that the Convention abolish the deputies’ immunity from prosecution, so that they could put each other on trial” (634). The measure passes. 


Marat then proscribes the Rolands and Mme Roland’s lover, Buzot, from the Jacobin Club. Camille writes a pamphlet called “A Secret History of the Revolution” denouncing the Brissotins as allies of Dumouriez and “agents of Pitt [Prime Minister of England], Orléans, and Prussia” (638).

Part 5, Chapters 1-6 Analysis

Part 5 of Place of Greater Safety captures the apex of the trio’s hold on political power, which is followed rapidly by their downfall. Seemingly at the very moment they accomplish their political aims, they begin to lose their grip on power. This is emblematic of the traditional understanding of revolutionary cycles: First, there is a revolutionary movement that overthrows the old order; once in power this revolutionary movement is challenged by a counter-revolution. Claude Duplessis is the only character who seems to fully grasp this. Upon hearing that Danton will be in charge of the Provisional Government, Claude warns, “now, he is the Establishment. Anyone who wants to make a revolution has to make it against him” (493). This presages the factionalism that will ultimately doom the protagonists. Danton and Camille are forced to negotiate between the Brissotins, moderates who are variously monarchists and federalists, the pressures of counter-revolutionary foreign imperial powers, and the radical “ultra-republicans,” sans-culottes, Marat, and Saint-Just, who are eager to impose their will through Terror and the guillotine.


It is this factionalism that contributes to The Dangerous Normalization of Revolutionary Violence. As in a blood feud, the retributions and counter-retributions, the tit-for-tat nature of the political disputes, lead to heightened rhetoric and the desire for retaliatory executions. Chapter 6 ends with Marat urging the abolition of “immunity from prosecution” (634) for members of the Convention. Although this language is veiled, its consequences are lethal. There is a high probability that any prosecution could lead to a death sentence. As Roland morosely tells Fabre, “Your Tribunal was a mistake […] We are entering a time of terror” (637). Colloquially, terror is understood as fear and intimidation. During the French Revolution, Robespierre and others used “terror” to denote the fear a government of the people strikes into the heart of aristocrats, monarchists, and others who do not support the people. Roland’s comment here is true in both senses of the word: The Tribune will both terrify aristocrats like Roland and lead to a general atmosphere of fear in the country.


As presented in the work, Robespierre’s personal transformation is an important element of, and engine behind, the escalation of violence during the Terror. In Part 1, Robespierre was so appalled at having sentenced a man to death he was physically ill and morally appalled. By Part 5, Robespierre has embraced the power of violence and its moral justification. However, this new ruthlessness does not come without its physical toll on his person. He has “developed a minute facial tic” (682) and his shortness of breath has worsened. He is not alone in his failing physical health. Danton will soon collapse with exhaustion and Camille is “living on alcohol” (760). 


Collectively, these health issues indicate that the protagonists are effectively “used up”; they will soon be forced to cede control of the revolution to younger, more energetic figures like Napoleon Bonaparte and Saint-Just. These illnesses can also be read figuratively as a physical manifestation of their buried sense of moral culpability for the wanton and escalating violence they have kindled and will now perpetuate.

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