48 pages • 1-hour read
Lauren GroffA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of domestic violence, physical abuse, child abuse, mental illness, and death.
Images of cars pervade the short story collection and function as a motif for escape and autonomy. In “The Wind,” Michelle, Joseph, and Ralphie escape their abusive father in their mother Ruby’s car. Michelle literally removes her mother’s hands from the wheel and takes her place in the driver’s seat as she steers them towards the bus station and ultimate freedom. In “To Sunland,” Joanie laments the fact that she and Buddy have to hitch rides and take the bus because she believes that only trustworthy people own cars and untrustworthy people are left to the mercy of public transportation. Her fears come true when the woman with the birds robs Joanie when she’s sleeping on the bus. Joanie dreams of buying her own car someday because she longs for agency over her life.
In “Birdie,” Nic is the only one who rents a car when the middle-school friends reunite at Birdie’s deathbed. The car allows her to drive herself to the airport, leaving Birdie when she chooses. In “What’s the Time, Mr. Wolf?,” Chip, Libby, and Julia drive away from the great house after the fraught Fourth of July dinner, Libby taking the wheel from her mother (much like in the first story) and asserting her agency as a young woman. In all these instances, the characters use their ability to drive to take control of their fates.
In the short story “Between the Shadow and the Soul,” Eliza rediscovers herself when Willie signs her up for a master gardeners class. Eliza is initially skeptical of the course and resentful towards Willie for making the arrangement: “Why in the world did he think this was a good idea? She’d grown up working every single day on a flower farm, for god’s sake. What more could she possibly have to learn about plants?” (31-32). What Eliza discovers is that rekindling her lifelong affinity for gardening reawakens an essential, verdant facet of her identity. By literally planting and growing new things, she is taking control of her life and future. She is growing a part of herself, even while the craft remains attached to her fraught past. Gardening thus becomes a symbol of Care as an Act of Love and an Emotional Burden. It requires hard caretaking work, and for Eliza, originates with a genuine appreciation for the skill; at the same time, it can feel burdensome, and echoes her marital dynamic.
Recurring images of houses and homes throughout the collection act as a motif for simultaneous stability and entrapment. In Groff’s nine stories, houses either offer the characters a respite, a sense of purpose, and familial stability, or domestic spaces limit the characters’ sense of autonomy. In “Between the Shadow and the Soul,” Eliza derives her sense of personal value from her and Willie’s ongoing work on their little stone house near the river. When the project is done, she feels despondent—as if life isn’t worth living because her ability to actively engage with the space is over, rendered void. In “To Sunland,” Joanie flees her childhood home after her mother’s death because she is eager to sever her ties to her fraught childhood and to create a life for herself.
In “Brawler,” Sara Brawler’s home is also a space that threatens to suffocate her, limiting her possibility and robbing her of her youthful freedom. When she enters the house after her diving competition, the house’s “smell crashed into her, sweet rot and her mother’s eucalyptus rub. The dehumidifiers were on, the air conditioners in the windows were on, and even the ozone generator, which the girl felt sure was slowly poisoning her, was on” (84-85). The combination of the stale air, bad odors, the television, and the deafening whir of machines creates a claustrophobic atmosphere which emotionally stifles Sara.
By way of contrast, in the story “What’s the Time, Mr. Wolf?,” the very house that Chip fled with his family as a child becomes the source of his perceived transformation and redemption. He sees the caretaker’s cottage and boathouse as evidence of his change and extensions of his innate purposefulness. In this story, too, Pearl Spang’s house is a place of comfort, peace, and autonomy—a place Pearl has carved out for herself where she can escape her past and find rest. In “Annunciation,” the poolhouse offers the narrator a similar sense of autonomy, having left her family and life on the East Coast behind to start afresh on her own. Houses and homes take different forms throughout the collection, but each domestic setting deepens the main characters’ understanding of themselves in the context of their larger society.



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