Punishment

Conflict and Politics in Northern Ireland by CAIN at Ulster University (2025)

Ulster University’s Conflict Archive on the Internet, otherwise known as CAIN, provides a range of resources about the Troubles in Northern Ireland. It includes a helpful chronology of events, overviews of key events and issues, as well as links to art inspired by the era, like the work of Seamus Heaney.

“Irish Nationalism and Irish Catholicism: A Study in Cultural Identity” by Lawrence J. McCaffrey (1973)

This academic article discusses important concepts relevant to Heaney’s writing, background, and the content of his poems, providing a more in-depth, scholarly analysis of Irish Nationalism and culture.

“What were The Troubles?” Imperial War Museums (2020)

This recent video gives a quick, simple overview of The Troubles for someone who is not familiar with the conflict.

“Europe’s Famed Bog Bodies Are Starting to Reveal Their Secrets” by Joshua Levine (2017)

This article, published in the Smithsonian Magazine in 2017, details some of the research surrounding the bog bodies found in Northern Europe. This article gives up-to-date information about the reasons behind the deaths, the preservations of the bodies in the bogs, and helpful historical context about the ancient peoples of Northern Europe.

“Windeby Girl and Weerdinge Couple” by Jarrett A. Lobell and Samir S. Patel (2010)

This article provides the name of the bog body upon which “Punishment” is thought to be based. However, due to recent findings and research, the body’s historical background has changed since the writing of Heaney’s “Punishment.”