68 pages • 2-hour read
John IrvingA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section includes discussion of pregnancy termination.
James Winslow grew up in Pennacook, New Hampshire in the 1950s and 1960s. James should be popular at his school, the prestigious Pennacook Academy for boys, given that his grandfather, Thomas Winslow, is the most venerable of the school’s English teachers, but James is perennially an outsider. This is partly because of James’s antecedents: Even though the Winslows can trace their origin to the Mayflower, their ancestor Josiah Winslow having arrived in Plymouth in 1621, it is a well-known fact for the townspeople of Pennacook that James is adopted. Worse, his adoptive mother is single, and his birth mother is an orphan, making James even more of an outsider in the town.
While the townspeople are suspicious of James, his teachers are kinder, and the Winslows dote on him. The townspeople think the reason for the Winslows’ love of James is obvious: James is the only boy in the family after Thomas. Beloved as James may be, the townspeople believe something will eventually go awry with “the adopted boy” (3), showing up the Winslow façade of a model family.
The narrative flashes back to the youth of Thomas, James’s grandfather. Thomas is married to Constance Bradford, the Bradfords being another Mayflower clan. The couple have three daughters in succession, at a gap of two years each. Constance insists on giving the girls the “virtue names” of Faith, Hope, and Prudence. Thomas and Constance recruit wards of states as nannies for the children, treating the young women as a part of their family. The nannies are given “allowances” instead of salaries, encouraged to refer to their employers as Tommy and Connie, and expected to do well in school and college. This progressive arrangement annoys the townspeople, since it indicates the Winslows are above usual social concerns, such as where the nannies, all orphans, come from.
The townspeople feel patronized by Thomas, the beloved English teacher who often tells his students that their antecedents do not matter, only the present and future do. They try to cut Thomas down to size by sneakily referring to his petite build, but to their annoyance Thomas does not feel bothered about his short stature. Many of the townsfolk hope for a scandal around the nannies, but the nannies only have good things to say about Thomas and Constance.
The Winslows have long shifted out of the school grounds into a large five-bedroom house when Constance becomes pregnant again. By this time, Prudence, the youngest girl, is already 11 years old. The fourth daughter is named Honor, which is not exactly a virtue name, according to Constance, since honor is an expectation rather than a quality. The townspeople wonder if the Winslows will get another ward of state for their youngest child. Hiring an orphan for the fourth time will be like pushing luck, the townspeople believe, even though they know little about orphans or orphanages.
Constance realizes that they will have to look out of state for their new nanny, because of a paucity of suitable wards-of-state. She hears of St. Cloud’s, an orphanage in Maine run by a doctor (Dr. Larch, a character from Irving’s Cider House Rules), where inmates are encouraged to read. Connie finds the doctor’s love for reading encouraging, though she has also heard people say he is “prone to tirades” (16). Thomas does not want to consider Maine as he believes the state puritanical: Maine was the first state to pass anti-abortion laws. Thomas and Connie were pro-choice advocates before the phrase “pro-choice” existed.
The matter of the Maine orphanage briefly parked, Constance, a librarian at the Pennacook Public Library, turns her attention to an initiative called Town Talks. Hosted at the school’s lecture halls on weekday nights, the Talks aim to draw people into reading books.
Thomas discusses Charles Dickens’s Little Dorrit and Great Expectations for his first couple of lectures, and then turns to the works of the Brontë sisters. He notes that his audience is mainly comprised of women, though men turn up for the discussion on George Eliot’s Middlemarch, believing Eliot to be a male author.
During the talk on Jane Eyre, Thomas focuses on Charlotte Brontë’s Preface to the second edition, in which she makes a case for distinguishing conventionality from morality. Constance realizes Thomas is speaking to the town’s ladies through Brontë’s words, asking them not to confuse small-mindedness for ethics and piety.
Constance knows orphanages run by nuns are not an option for “her Tommy” (25), as she thinks of Thomas, since he is skeptical of the proselytizing bent of such institutes. Earlier, the Winslows had recruited two of their au pairs, Lucie and Denise, from the Androscoggin Children’s Shelter in Berlin, New Hampshire, but the shelter has since shut down. The Winslows believe that the shelter’s director, Dr. Ronald Remillard, may have been arrested for performing abortions for women-in-need. Now that abortion is deemed illegal, women with unwanted pregnancies often find themselves in a bind.
Given the paucity of good shelters, Thomas finally writes to Dr. Larch. Dr. Larch writes back, asking Thomas in a direct manner about the Winslows’ source of income. Dr. Larch wonders how the Winslows—a schoolmaster and a librarian with four children—have managed to support the college education of three au pairs.
Dr. Larch is not the only person wondering about the Winslow finances—the topic of their income has been a perennial source of talk in Pennacook. Thomas writes to Dr. Larch that he and Constance come from old money. The two studied at prep-schools in Massachusetts, and first met in Marblehead, Massachusetts where both families had summer homes. Impressed by Thomas and Constance’s love of books and their family history of philanthropy, Dr. Larch agrees to send a young woman from St. Cloud’s to them.
Meanwhile, Thomas gives a controversial Town Talk on the history of abortion in America. Unlike most of Thomas’s other lectures, the talk is scarcely attended, except for some faculty members from the English department, a few doctors, and a bunch of older churchwomen. As Thomas says that abortion was a woman’s choice when the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth two centuries ago, Constance can see the churchwomen purse their lips in displeasure.
When Thomas explains that abortion became a contentious topic after male doctors gained control of childbirth in the 1840s, the doctors in the audience grow annoyed. The churchwomen walk out; Mrs. Sweeney, the last to exit, tells Thomas and Connie that they don’t care about the “soul” of the fetus being aborted. The Winslows counter that they do not believe anyone has a soul. No one asks Daniel Rosenthal, the English faculty member who stands on stage with Thomas, any questions, confirming the Winslows’ suspicion that most people in Pennacook are biased against Jewish people. The town talk fizzles out.
The novel is narrated in the third-person omniscient voice, with a droll, arch tone, meant to resemble the narrative voice of some of the social-realist Victorian novels, where an omniscient narrator gently satirizes society’s foibles. Irving’s narrator uses the arch voice to critique both the prejudices of Pennacook society as well as the eccentricity of the Winslows. For instance, the narrator uses a faux sympathetic tone to satirize the townsfolk’s belief that something is bound to go wrong with Jimmy, noting that, “When babies are born and transferred in such a way that you don’t even know whose babies they are […] aren’t things bound to go off the rails in a family?” (3). When the two Winslows try to impress Dr. Larch by citing their credentials and achievements, the narrative voice describes how Thomas goes on about his love for literature: “Dr. Larch had to hear all about Ishmael in Moby-Dick—then it was James Steerforth in David Copperfield” (37).
Another feature of the book’s narrative style is its use of repetition, details, and digressions. As these initial chapters show, the novel introduces several characters and details their backgrounds. Connie and Thomas repeat their utterances to each other, often using catch-phrases during their dialogue. The addition of the details also establishes that nothing in the world is a clean slate: Context informs everything. For instance, the narrative describes the origin of the name of Pennacook town to show that the town was not an empty field for the Puritans arriving in the 17th century, but “once the land of the Squamscott Native Americans […] the name Pennacook comes from the Abenaki word penakuk, meaning ‘at the bottom of the hill’” (2).
The Pennacook townsfolk serve as a Greek chorus in the first few chapters, commenting on the oddness of the Winslows and adding to the text’s exploration of Survival and Identity in the Face of Prejudice. When Thomas asserts that the town’s children must learn literature to sympathize with others, the townsfolk immediately grow suspicious of Thomas’s motives, wondering, “why would they want to imagine themselves in someone else’s shoes?” (6). The uniformity of the choric voice serves to underscore the deviation from the mean the Winslows represent, with their championing of reproductive rights and society’s outsiders. It also shows how hard the Winslows have to fight to be themselves in a society that favors conformity. In a recurrent pattern, the outsiders of the novel often engage in dramatic, larger-than-life actions to establish their selfhood, shouting to be heard in a world that values conformity above all else. Thus, Thomas gives the entire town talks on abortion, and Dr. Larch goes off on exaggerated rants about the destruction of the forest.
Thomas and Connie’s professions—English headmaster and town librarian, respectively—tie in with the theme of The Transformative Power of Literature. Thomas and Connie are able to take non-conformist decisions because they live in the world of books where the page offers many possibilities. The couple are in a constant dialogue with books, indicating the central place of literature in their lives, as evident in the town talk on Jane Eyre. As Connie prepares to hear Thomas’s lecture, she wonders which passage from the book the readers will remember, “maybe that novel’s wonderful sentence, Constance thought—her lips moving slightly, as she silently repeatedly it to herself” (21). Jane Eyre will also become of particular value to Esther a little later in the novel; its appearance here foreshadows Esther’s determination to live by her own ideals, just like the titular protagonist of Brontë’s novel.
Connie and Tommy’s relationship is established as the emotional center of the novel, with the couple sharing genuine mutual love and respect. Their thriving relationship is juxtaposed against the sniggering cynicism of the townsfolk, who are suspicious of the bookish, impassioned Winslows. The gentle irony in the portrayal of Connie and Thomas is that though the two are liberal and unconventional in their views, they follow a fairly conventional life-path, in that they marry at an age common for their era and raise four children.



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