Exhalation

Ted Chiang

79 pages 2-hour read

Ted Chiang

Exhalation

Fiction | Short Story Collection | Adult | Published in 2019

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Character List

Meet the key characters, with insights into their roles, motivations, and relationships—spoiler-free.

Major Characters

Fuwaad is a purveyor of fine fabrics living in Baghdad. Burdened by grief and guilt over the loss of his wife Najya, he maintains a guarded exterior while striving to live an upright life as atonement. His journey begins when he discovers a unique shop containing a device that allows passage into different times, prompting him to consider the nature of his past mistakes.

Key Relationships

Husband of Najya

Customer of Bashaarat

An inquisitive mechanical being composed of complex air tubules and gears, powered by refillable lungs. Acting as a student of anatomy, the narrator becomes fascinated by recent anomalies in the public turret clocks. Driven by scientific curiosity, it devises a highly unorthodox self-dissection experiment to understand the mechanics of memory and consciousness.

Key Relationships

Addressee of The Reader

Member of Fellow Robots

The Journalist lives in a near-future society where people constantly record their lives via wearable cameras called lifelogs. He writes an article critiquing a new memory-retrieval software named Remem, believing that people need to forget minor offenses in order to forgive. He carries lingering resentment over an argument with his daughter.

Key Relationships

Father of Nicole

Husband of Angela

Interviewer of Erica Meyers

Jijingi is a young man from the Shangev tribe in Tivland. Introduced to written language by a missionary, he becomes fascinated by the ability of writing to organize and preserve thoughts. He later serves as his tribe's official scribe, balancing his new skills with his culture's rich oral traditions.

Key Relationships

Student of Moseby

Subordinate to Sabe

Ana is a former zookeeper with a newly acquired software testing degree. She brings her nurturing instincts to her new role, where she helps train artificial digital organisms called digients. Treating the digients with the same patience and respect as biological animals, she forms a profound attachment to a digient named Jax.

Key Relationships

Guardian of Jax

Coworker of Derek Brooks

Friend of Robyn

Romantic partner of Kyle

Business contact of Jennifer Chase

Jax is an advanced digient raised primarily by Ana. Beginning with childlike English and basic curiosity, he develops complex emotions, preferences, and a deep bond with Ana over several decades. He relies on her to navigate the increasingly hostile and incompatible digital landscapes of his world.

Key Relationships

Ward of Ana Alvarado

Derek is an animator and character designer who works alongside Ana. He finds great professional fulfillment in helping new artificial lifeforms express themselves. Outside of work, he devotes massive amounts of time to raising his own digients, Marco and Polo, an obsession that strains his marriage.

Key Relationships

Coworker of Ana Alvarado

Husband of Wendy

Guardian of Marco

Guardian of Polo

Acquaintance of Felix Radcliffe

Dorothea is an archaeologist and a devout believer in God who studies tree rings and ancient relics to find proof of divine creation. She operates in a society where science is explicitly used to confirm creationism. Despite living in a heavily conservative, male-dominated culture, she passionately pursues her academic career.

Key Relationships

Cousin of Rosemary

Cousin-in-law of Alfred

Acquaintance of Wilhelmina McCullough

Colleague of Nathan McCullough

Nat is a recovering drug addict currently employed at a company that trades and rents prisms—devices that allow communication with parallel timelines. To save money for a fresh start, she frequently assists her manager in extortionary deals. She attends a prism support group under false pretenses to secure a highly valuable device.

Key Relationships

Employee of Morrow

Acquaintance of Dana

Support group peer of Lyle

Acquaintance of Vinessa

Morrow is the manager of SelfTalk and Nat's direct superior. An opportunistic and highly manipulative businessman, he runs several illegal side operations involving the theft and extortion of prism users. He actively seeks out vulnerable targets, demonstrating zero remorse for his actions.

Key Relationships

Employer of Nat

Extorter of Jessica Oehlsen

Adversary of Glenn Oehlsen

Dana is a calm, professional therapist who guides a support group for people obsessed with their alternate-timeline paraselves. Though she attempts to help others overcome their jealousy and self-doubt, she secretly carries massive guilt over a traumatic high school incident involving her friend Vinessa.

Key Relationships

Childhood friend of Vinessa

Therapist to Lyle

Acquaintance of Nat

Supporting Characters

Bashaarat is the knowledgeable and mysterious owner of a new shop in Baghdad's metalsmith district. He possesses devices of incredible design, including a Gate of Seconds and a Gate of Years. He serves as a guide, sharing three stories of previous time travelers to help Fuwaad understand the rules of the gate.

Key Relationships

Shopkeeper to Fuwaad Ibn Abbas

Najya is Fuwaad's wife. Twenty years prior to the story's present, she argued with Fuwaad over his potential participation in the slave trade before he left on a business trip. Her memory deeply influences Fuwaad's current life choices.

Key Relationships

Wife of Fuwaad Ibn Abbas

Hassan begins as a humble rope-maker in Cairo who crosses paths with an older, much wealthier version of himself. He receives cryptic but lifesaving advice from his older self, which he follows closely. He appreciates the mystery of the future and values the opportunity to act mercifully.

Key Relationships

Husband of Raniya

Raniya is Hassan's wife. She takes an active, secretive role in protecting her husband's past. Utilizing the Gate of Years, she travels back in time to intervene in a dangerous situation involving stolen treasure, demonstrating sharp wit and courage in a male-dominated society.

Key Relationships

Wife of Hassan Al-Hubbaul

Ajib is a modest weaver of rugs who seeks out his older self, hoping to find wealth. Discovering that his older self lives frugally despite possessing a chest of gold, Ajib decides to steal the money for himself. He spends the stolen funds lavishly to impress a woman.

Key Relationships

Husband of Taahira

Taahira is a woman desired by Ajib, who agrees to marry him after he presents himself as a wealthy man. She becomes furious when she learns the true source of his funds and demands that he make amends, forcing the couple into a life of strict frugality.

Key Relationships

Wife of Ajib

Nicole is the adult daughter of The Journalist. She had a severe argument with her father years ago regarding her mother's departure. Her relationship with her father gradually improves after she starts attending therapy, though her father attributes the improvement to the passage of time.

Key Relationships

Daughter of The Journalist

Daughter of Angela

Angela is The Journalist's wife and Nicole's mother. Her departure creates a massive rift in the family, serving as the catalyst for the central argument between her husband and daughter.

Key Relationships

Wife of The Journalist

Mother of Nicole

Erica is a representative for Whetstone, the company behind the Remem software. She argues that perfectly accurate digital memory will help people become more forgiving, countering The Journalist's skeptical perspective.

Key Relationships

Interviewee of The Journalist

Moseby is a European missionary who introduces the concept of writing to the Shangev tribe. He spends significant time teaching Jijingi how to read and write, fundamentally altering the way the young man processes information.

Key Relationships

Teacher of Jijingi

Sabe is the leader of Jijingi's tribe. He is wary of the Europeans and their use of written documentation as a tool of control. He relies on Jijingi to record civil disputes and navigate political alignments with neighboring tribes.

Key Relationships

Leader of Jijingi

Wendy is Derek's wife. She feels increasingly alienated by her husband's intense dedication to raising his digients, leading to significant marital strife and eventual divorce.

Key Relationships

Wife of Derek Brooks

Marco is a panda-like digient adopted by Derek. As he matures, he begins to express a desire for independence and corporate incorporation, pushing the boundaries of his digital existence.

Key Relationships

Ward of Derek Brooks

Fellow digient of Polo

Polo is another panda-like digient adopted by Derek after the failure of Blue Gamma. He learns and grows in tandem with Marco under Derek's careful supervision.

Key Relationships

Ward of Derek Brooks

Fellow digient of Marco

Kyle is Ana's boyfriend. He is unenthusiastic about the massive amount of time, energy, and money Ana dedicates to keeping Jax online and safe.

Key Relationships

Romantic partner of Ana Alvarado

Robyn is Ana's friend who works at Blue Gamma and actively recruits Ana, believing her background in animal care makes her perfect for training digients.

Key Relationships

Friend of Ana Alvarado

Felix is an isolated hobbyist who participated in an alien-design project Derek animated. He connects Derek to a controversial company willing to fund the digients' server transition.

Key Relationships

Acquaintance of Derek Brooks

Jennifer represents Binary Desire, a company that designs virtual companions. She offers to fund the digients' transition to a new server in exchange for allowing her company to alter them for commercial purposes.

Key Relationships

Business contact of Ana Alvarado

Reginald is a brilliant but rigid mathematician who relies heavily on the strict Victorian standards of childrearing. Distrustful of human nannies, he designs an Automatic Nanny to raise children purely on rationality, a project that ends in commercial failure.

Key Relationships

Father of Lionel Dacey

Employer of Nanny Gibson

Lionel is Reginald's son, raised to revere mathematics and rationality. Determined to clear his father's name, he adopts a child specifically to prove that the Automatic Nanny is an effective caregiver, resulting in tragic developmental consequences for the boy.

Key Relationships

Son of Reginald Dacey

Father of Edmund Dacey

Acquaintance of Dr. Thackery Lambshead

Edmund is Lionel's illegitimate son, raised exclusively by a machine for the first two years of his life. After the machine is removed, he becomes entirely unresponsive to human contact, prompting his institutionalization.

Key Relationships

Son of Lionel Dacey

Patient of Dr. Thackery Lambshead

A dedicated doctor who takes an interest in Edmund's unusual condition. He discovers that Edmund requires mechanical intermediaries to develop properly and seeks out Lionel to procure the necessary equipment.

Key Relationships

Doctor to Edmund Dacey

Acquaintance of Lionel Dacey

A human nanny hired by Reginald Dacey shortly after his wife's death. Her cruelty toward the infant Lionel drives Reginald to invent the Automatic Nanny.

Key Relationships

Employee of Reginald Dacey

Rosemary is Dorothea's cousin. She is one of the few family members who fully supports Dorothea's scientific career without pressuring her to marry.

Key Relationships

Wife of Alfred

Alfred is Rosemary's husband. He shares an interest in religious relics and frequently purchases items that confirm the world's divine creation.

Key Relationships

Husband of Rosemary

Cousin-in-law of Dorothea Morrell

Wilhelmina is the daughter of a museum director. She actively donates primordial abalone shells to a museum gift shop, pricing them cheaply so everyday people can afford them and feel closer to God.

Key Relationships

Daughter of Nathan McCullough

Acquaintance of Dorothea Morrell

Nathan is the director of a museum of natural philosophy. Reeling from the loss of a child, his faith is severely shaken when he reads a pre-published astronomy paper that questions humanity's central place in the universe.

Key Relationships

Father of Wilhelmina McCullough

Colleague of Dorothea Morrell

Lyle is a man tormented by the knowledge that a parallel version of himself made a better career choice and is consequently much happier. He becomes the target of Nat and Morrow's scheme due to the rare and valuable nature of his specific prism timeline.

Key Relationships

Patient of Dana

Support group peer of Nat

Jessica is an elderly, dying woman who comes to SelfTalk hoping to send money to a parallel version of herself. Morrow tricks her into giving him her funds, fully aware that such a transaction is technologically impossible.

Key Relationships

Mother of Glenn Oehlsen

Victim of Morrow

Glenn is Jessica's son. Upon discovering that Morrow stole money from his dying mother, he confronts the manager at the store.

Key Relationships

Son of Jessica Oehlsen

Adversary of Morrow

Vinessa is Dana's childhood friend. Following a high school incident where Dana blamed her for possessing drugs, Vinessa fell into a cycle of bad habits. In the present, she actively uses Dana's lingering guilt to extract money from her.

Key Relationships

Childhood friend of Dana

Acquaintance of Nat

Scott is a famous pop singer grieving the death of his husband in a car accident. Because Lyle's prism connects to a timeline where Scott died instead of his husband, Scott is willing to pay an astronomical sum to speak with the living version of his partner.

Key Relationships

Husband of Roderick Ferris

Employer of Ornella

Roderick is a movie star who died in a car accident in the primary timeline. In Lyle's alternate timeline, he survived the crash while Scott perished.

Key Relationships

Husband of Scott Otsuka

Ornella is Scott Otsuka's personal assistant. She acts as a proxy for the grieving celebrity, handling the logistics of purchasing Lyle's prism and observing Nat's conflicted demeanor.

Key Relationships

Assistant to Scott Otsuka

Business contact of Nat

Alex is a real-life African gray parrot studied for thirty years to demonstrate avian cognitive abilities. He serves as a tragic historical example for the narrator, highlighting the intelligence of a species that is rapidly disappearing.

Key Relationships

Subject of Irene Pepperberg

A human scientist who spent thirty years working with Alex the parrot, proving that his species is capable of understanding complex concepts like shape and color.

Key Relationships

Researcher of Alex