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Nikolai and Arkady are both lovers of nature. When he is outside, Nikolai wistfully contemplates both his lost wife and his strained relationship with his son. His love of the pastoral is set up as a key contrast with Bazarovâs scientific outlook. As Nikolai paces his garden with âmournful agitation,â he imagines, âoh, how Bazarov would have made fun of him, if only heâd known what he was feeling at the moment!â (47).
Arkady also highly values the aesthetic experience of being in nature. Bazarov and Arkady seriously quarrel for the first time when Arkady describes a leaf âlike a butterfly in flightâ (104). Bazarov is offended, declaring, ââI consider such fine talk indecentâ (104) and trying to instigate a physical fight. Soon after, Arkady departs for Nikolskoe, where he and Katya spend a great deal of time outdoors, in an atmosphere of âtrusting intimacyâ (133). Their shared love of nature creates domestic harmony. In contrast, Anna and Bazarov are both âindifferentâ to nature, (73), a lack of sentiment that presages their fleeting bond.
The novel links the state of each house and surrounding land with the psychological qualities of its owner.
Descriptions of Marino paint it as an estate in disarray: The estate is on âflat and barren landâ and âthe young trees hadnât taken, too little water collected in the land, and that in the wells had a brackish tasteâ (15). This demonstrates Nikolaiâs ineptitude at land management and his unconventional domestic situation. When Nikolai finally marries Fenechka, and Arkady has settled into domestic happiness with Katya, Arkady takes over management of Marino and becomes the âzealous proprietorâ of the newly thriving estate (160).
Annaâs estate Nikolskoe, reflects her extreme control over her life and emotions: âan avenue of pruned firs lead to its entrance [âŚ] it was clear that order prevailed in this house: everything was clean and sweet-smelling, like a ministerâs reception roomâ (65). She marries a man equally committed to an absence of passion, retaining her ability to organize everything around her.
While Bazarovâs family home has none of this grandeur, it echoes the warmth and love of his parents: Arkady finds dinner âsumptuousâ and he âslept very well in the room attached to the bathhouse. It smelled of mintâ (95). Even the two crickets he hears behind the stove seem to be a reference to Vassily and Arina. After Bazarovâs death, his parents make a home in a new place: a poorly tended cemetery where only his grave is âuntrampled by animalsâ and has a new fence around it. As, âthe flowers growing on it look out at us serenely with their innocent eyesâ (163), the novel implies that Bazarovâs scorched-earth approach to life has left no mark on the environment. In death, his parents have covered over their sonâs temperament.
The character of Bazarov evokes two important and interrelated literary motifs, the superfluous man and the Byronic hero. Both rely on a vision of frustrated masculinity that disrupts traditional moral values. The Byronic hero is usually brooding, morally tortured because of some transgression, and somewhat ostracized from society. The superfluous manâs alienation comes from his great intelligence, but also his incapacity to effect real change. Turgenev himself popularized the latter term with his 1850 work, The Diary of a Superfluous Man, but characters who embody parts of the archetype can be found as early as the 1830s. Bazarovâs sense of his insignificance in the universe and his âboredom and angerâ as he contemplates this (102), put him firmly in the tradition. Byronic heroes often die tragically, which also lines up with Bazarovâs fate.



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