First They Came...

Martin Niemöller

17 pages 34-minute read

Martin Niemöller

First They Came...

Fiction | Poem | Adult | Published in 1946

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Character List

Meet the key characters, with insights into their roles, motivations, and relationships—spoiler-free.

Major Characters

An unnamed, passive observer who witnesses an oppressive regime targeting different communities. Operating from a mindset of apathetic self-preservation, the speaker justifies their inaction by noting they do not personally belong to any of the targeted groups. Their reliance on isolation defines their response to the escalating danger and lack of solidarity.

Key Relationships

Passively Complies with The Oppressors

Fails to Defend The Socialists

Fails to Defend The Trade Unionists

Fails to Defend The Jewish People

An unnamed, powerful fascist entity referred to only as "they." This authoritarian force systematically targets and removes communities one by one. They operate with absolute authority, demanding total allegiance and repressing any group that deviates from their strict political and ideological standards.

Key Relationships

Threat to The Speaker

Persecutor of The Socialists

Persecutor of The Trade Unionists

Persecutor of The Jewish People

Supporting Characters

The first community targeted by the authoritarian regime. Because they hold a different political philosophy than the fascist state, the regime views them as a threat and eliminates them while the rest of society observes without objecting.

Key Relationships

Targeted by The Oppressors

Ignored by The Speaker

A community targeted for elimination due to their differing economic philosophy and organizational power. Their removal represents the state's ongoing consolidation of control and destruction of organized labor, occurring while bystanders continue to look the other way.

Key Relationships

Targeted by The Oppressors

Ignored by The Speaker

A group persecuted by the fascist state for falling outside the regime's rigid racial and ethnic ideals. Their persecution demonstrates the deep prejudice of the regime and the persistent failure of passive observers to intervene on behalf of others.

Key Relationships

Targeted by The Oppressors

Ignored by The Speaker