Gods and Generals by Jeffrey Shaara is a novel in the historical fiction genre. It takes place during the American Civil War, and the book features four protagonists: all military commanders who influenced the outcome of the conflict. On the side of the Confederate army are Thomas Jonathan Jackson and Robert E. Lee. With the Union are Winfield Scott Hancock and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain. The book begins before the war and introduces the reader to each of these four peoples’ lives before the first battle breaks out. The novel follows their lives and influence through the Battle of Gettysburg. A common thread for all four men is that before the war begins, they’re all rather discomfited in their lives. They don’t really seem to know what to do with themselves when peace prevails. Before long, they are thrust into the chaos of war, fueled by slavery, states’ rights, and cultural and ideological differences between the northerners and the southerners. As the war begins, the book focuses on Robert E. Lee, who accepts the position of commander of Virginia’s militia. His job is thankless, and once more he becomes listless after his troops join forces with the Confederate army. Meanwhile, Thomas Jonathan Jackson is given a brigade command. On the Union side of the conflict, Winfield Scott Hancock receives a similar post. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain is assigned to the twentieth main regiment where he serves as a lieutenant colonel. The first battle of the Civil War, the Battle of Bull Run, offers the Confederate army a victory, temporarily swinging the war into their favor. However, this position of advantage doesn’t last forever—in fact, it doesn’t last long at all before Richmond comes under threat from the Union army, led by McClellan. Richmond was a strategic location because it was the capitol of the South. This is a pivotal moment for Robert E. Lee. When the commander of the Confederate army is killed in Richmond, Jefferson Davis—the Confederate president—names Lee the new general of the army. What follows is a number of battles in chronological order. The north wins some, and so too does the south. The Confederates’ victories are more pronounced, however, as the north cuts off supplies to the south while also outnumbering them on the battlefield. General Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jonathan Jackson then enjoy a number of important victories: the Seven Days’ Battle, the Second Battle of Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. In the face of these victories, Winfield Scott Hancock is forced to endure bitter defeat, caused by the ineptitude of his fellow officers. Despite his skill for strategy, leadership, and warfare, he doesn’t rank high enough to influence the Union army’s movements in the way he’d like to. During the battle of Antietam, his troops don’t even get the opportunity to fight because they’re put in a position that fails to utilize them. At Fredericksburg, the Union army is trapped on one side of the river by the Confederate army. Winfield Scott Hancock finds a way to cross the river, but his commanding officers won’t heed his suggestion. Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain has an interesting point of view on the war in that, of the four officers Gods and Generals focuses on, he’s the only one who didn’t come into the war with any military experience. Rather, he was a professor. He taught Natural and Revealed Religion. Because of his civilian background, it takes him a while longer to get used to this new role and take full leadership of the soldiers under his command. At the Battle of Fredericksburg, he’s given full command of the regiment, and he takes his troops right up to the enemy line—within one hundred yards—before the Confederates are able to halt his advance. At the Battle of Chancellorsville, everything changes. This is the climax of the story, when General Hooker, the new leader of the Union army, manages to outflank the Confederate army. This action allows the northern soldiers to catch General Robert E. Lee and his men off-guard. At the time, the Confederate army is split in two, with the other half too far away to help at a distance of about a hundred miles. Lee and Jackson plan to flank the Union army and cause a panic which leads to the Union army’s retreat. Just as the battle is turning in favor of the Confederates, Jackson is accidentally shot by his one of his own soldiers. He’s mortally wounded and must face amputation and the almost inevitable infections that follow the battlefield butchery that was commonplace during the Civil War. As the Battle of Gettysburg begins, General Robert E. Lee decides to invade the north in a last-ditch effort to end the war. Gods and Generals was published in 1996. It’s a prequel to Michael Shaara’s Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel from 1974 titled The Killer Angels. Gods and Generals was adapted for film in 2003.

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Jeffrey Shaara

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