An alliance of nativist groups that advocated against Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, and Mexican immigrants in the early 20th century, lobbying for restrictive immigration policies.

Predominantly young male workers who migrated to the US post-1924, facing hostility and violence despite shared cultural traits with Americans due to their racial identity.

Mexican nationals contracted under a governmental program between 1942 and 1964 to fill labor shortages in the US, often suffering from exploitative conditions and political disempowerment.

Mexican immigrants who faced derogatory stereotypes and difficulties due to legal barriers and were part of a broader issue of perceived illegality post-1920s immigration restrictions.

US-born Japanese Americans evacuated and interned during World War II, experiencing discrimination despite their US citizenship, contributing to longstanding racial hierarchies.

First-generation Japanese immigrants in the US who faced statelessness when interned during World War II, attempting to navigate loyalty to both American and Japanese cultures.

Chinese immigrants who entered the US claiming family connections to American citizens, a status challenged by legal scrutiny due to historical document loss and later targeted for immigration restriction.

A collective of Chinese family and district associations in San Francisco, led by Chinese merchants, that resisted governmental crackdowns on immigration and advocated for reforms.