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On Saturday, June 30, 1934, trailed by detectives and an SS squad, Hitler arrives at the Bad Wiessee spa town, barges into Röhmâs hotel, and has him arrested along with several of his lieutenants. Hitlerâs men drive the prisoners to a prison in nearby Munich, where they execute six officers, but not Röhm.
In Berlin, Göring orders multiple arrests; when one eludes capture, Göring shouts, âShoot them! Take a whole company⊠Shoot them⊠Shoot them at once!â (307).
Dodd and his wife learn of the arrests and shootings, and immediately they fear for Martha, who is out on a picnic with Boris, âa man whom the Nazis even in ordinary times could be expected to view as an enemy of the state" (308).
Martha and Boris return from their lakeside picnic to find âsoldiers, weapons, and military trucks" (310) everywhere. Martha returns home to news that a prominent general, former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher, and his wife were executed in their garden, that martial law is declared in Berlin, and that âdozens, perhaps hundreds, of official murders" (311) have occurred. Another general is shot, along with Berlin SA chief, Karl Ernst, a Catholic cleric, a music critic, and possibly Papenâs press secretary. Dodd wonders what has happened to Papen himself.
Göring holds a press conference. Asked why a Catholic regime critic and Papen staffers are dead during a roundup of SA officers, Göring replies, âI expanded my task to take in reactionaries also" (314).
The number of executions climbs into the hundreds. Most of these, writes Dodd, âwere in no sense guilty of treason; merely political or religious opposition" (314). A few manage to escape; one, the music critic, the men shot by mistake. Putzi Hanfstaengl, having guessed that this day was coming, has already escaped to America.
Vice-Chancellor Papen is under house arrest. Dodd and Martha drive past Papenâs apartment slowly so the SS guards know diplomats are watching.
Hitler canât decide whether to execute his old friend Röhm, "but eventually he bowed to pressure from Göring and Himmler" (320). He gives Röhm a chance to kill himself, but Röhm refuses. Dachau prison commander Theodor Eicke and a deputy carry out the execution. Hitler rewards Eicke with command of all concentrations camps, which come under his draconian system developed at Dachau.
The army leadership, glad to be rid of competition from the old SA leaders, publicly proclaims its loyalty to Hitler. The crisis is over. In Berlin, people on the street ask each other sardonically if they are still âamong the living.â
Despite the recent horrors, Dodd continues with a planned Fourth of July party at the mansion. He invites 300 guests, including many Germans: âThe diplomats seemed jittery [âŠ] The Germans were on edge" (322). Hitlerâs cabinet has just enacted a law that makes the recent political murders retroactively legal as âemergency defense of the state" (323). Due to his close connection to President Hindenburg, the Nazis spare Papen.
Banker Wilhelm Regendanz, a friend of murdered General Schleicher, escapes Germany but leaves behind his wife and son. He sends a message to his family via Martha and Mrs. Dodd. Mrs. Regendanz is frantic for her son, who has gone missing. After a month, the sonâs captors free him and he makes it to London, followed by Mrs. Regendanz.
In Washington, State Department officials remain frustrated at Doddâs failure to win concessions from the German government over payment of war debts. Some officials âhad begun referring to Dodd as âAmbassador Dudââ (326). For his part, Dodd âthought it pointless to pursue full payment, because Germany simply did not have the money, and there were far more important issues at stake" (327). To Secretary Hull he writes, âOur people will have to lose their bonds" (327).
Martha departs for her Russian trip. Her leave-taking reflects her disaffection with the Nazis: âI had had enough of blood and terror to last me for the rest of my life" (328).
German reaction to the recent putsch is quiet. Hindenburg lauds Hitler for having ânipped treason in the bud" (328). Dodd loses hope that the regime will end, and he considers resigning: "He vowed never to host Hitler, Göring, or Goebbels at the embassy or his home" (329). Of Hitler, Dodd writes, âI have a sense of horror when I look at the man" (329).
On July 13, Hitler defends his putsch before the Reichstag to wild applause. The German people, tired of the SAâs brutality, also approve: âAssured of his safety by Foreign Minister Neurath" (333), Hanfstaengl returns to Berlin. The people at his office seem dazed by recent events.
Foreign diplomats, including Dodd, begin to realize that Hitlerâs claim of a plot against the nation is false. Most conclude the putsch is âmerely an internal settling of scores" (334) and hope that Hitler will once again be a âresponsible statesman.â This hope will prove false.
On August 2, Hindenburg dies. Before the day is out, Hitler has assumed the presidency. With feigned modesty, Hitler insists the people call him merely âleaderâ (âFĂŒhrerâ).
Dodd notes that German law requires that the citizens treat animals well. Considering the treatment recently meted out to Hitlerâs enemiesânot to mention the loss of citizensâ rightsâDodd writes, âOne might easily wish he were a horse!â (336).
Martha doesnât enjoy her trip to Russia, and she writes angry letters to Boris. During her visit, Russian spies try to recruit her. Boris goes to Bucharest, and back in Berlin, Martha resumes dating other men. Despite this, in 1937, âduring a second visit to Moscow, she formally petitions Stalin for permission to marry" (338).
Boris wants to delay the marriage. In communiquĂ©s with his Soviet handlers, he refers to Martha as âJuliet #2"; thus, âthere might have been another woman in his life, a âJuliet #1â" (339). Boris tells Moscow cryptically that âif we deceive her, she may become embittered and lose faith in us" (339).
Dodd continues to warn Washington that Germany is becoming a military threat: âRoosevelt largely shared his view, but most of America seemed more intent than ever on staying out of Europeâs squabbles" (340).
In March 1936, German troops re-occupy the Rhineland. In September, Hitler addresses a Nazi rally in Nuremberg, sending his adoring audience âinto near hysteria" (341). Dodd, hamstrung, laments that âthe stress is too great to be always doing nothing" (342). Once again, he thinks of resigning.
Doddâs State Department critics keep up the pressure against him. William Bullitt, ambassador to Paris, writes to Roosevelt: âHe hates the Nazis too much to be able to do anything with them or get anything out of them. We need in Berlin someone who can at least be civil to the Nazis and speaks German perfectly" (342). The press picks up the attack, one columnist implying Dodd has lost the presidentâs favor.
Dodd now feels unwilling to resign, lest it âleave the impression that he had been forced to do so" (343). His health declines, headaches and stomach pains worsening. "Doddâs letters rambled and his handwriting degraded" (344).
Dodd returns to America on leave in July 1937 and consults a specialist in digestive disorders, who suggests he resign from the stressful Berlin posting. Messersmith later writes: âHe was suffering from some form of mental deterioration" (344-45). Back on his farm, though, Doddâs health improves. He visits Roosevelt, who asks him to stay on for a few months more.
While he is away, acting ambassador Prentiss Gilbert attends the Nuremberg rally, which angers Dodd, who believes such participation signals American support for the Nazis. He writes a private protest to Secretary Hull, and someone leaks his words to the press, angering the German government.
Dodd meets with Roosevelt again in October 1938, and Dodd comes away believing he has the presidentâs support. Behind the scenes, however, Roosevelt has already âbowed to pressure from both the State Department and the German foreign office and had agreed that Dodd should leave Berlin before the end of the year" (347). The president recalls Dodd, and he must leave Germany by late December 1937.
Martha meets Boris in Berlin to say goodbye, and she repeats her desire to marry him. Back in America, however, Martha promptly falls for a new man: wealthy divorcé Alfred Stern. They marry in June 1938.
Martha writes to Boris that âyou meant more in my life than anybody else" (348) and expresses hope that she may see him in the future. Boris never gets the letter, as heâs been executed by his own government: âone of countless NKVD operatives who fell victim to Stalinâs paranoia" (348).
Before he leaves Berlin, Dodd speaks at the local American Chamber of Commerce chapter. He laments that the world âmust face the sad fact that in an age when international cooperation should be the keyword, nations are farther apart than ever" (349). Once home, Dodd speaks at a dinner in his honor, declaring that Western civilization is in danger.
Dodd continues speaking out against the German threat. He founds the American Council Against Nazi Propaganda and warns, in a speech to a Jewish congregation, that Hitler will take Austria âand that Romania, Poland, and Czechoslovakia were at riskâ (350). Dodd further predicts that Europe âwould choose concessions over war" (350).
The Dodds move to their farm, Mrs. Dodd reluctantly. In May 1938, she dies suddenly of a heart attack. Martha blames the âstrain and terrorâ of life in Berlin. At the funeral, "for only the second time, Martha saw tears in her fatherâs eyes" (351).
Dodd continues lecturing; in one speech, he âtalked of Hitlerâs hatred of Jews and warned that his true intent was âto kill them allââ (351). The Nazis continue to fulfill Doddâs predictions when, in November 1938, they launch Kristallnacht, a massive pogrom against the Jews.
In March 1939, while driving, Dodd hits a black girl, but he keeps driving âbecause I thought the child had escaped" (352). He pays the girlâs medical expenses, pleads guilty to charges, pays a fine, and loses âdriving privileges and his right to vote" (352). Shattered by the experience, Doddâs health worsens, and he undergoes a stint in the hospital. The German press taunts him.
In September 1939, Germany invades Poland. Doddâs health worsens. In February 1940, he dies at his farm, his children at his bedside. Though criticized by American isolationists, many in Germany who ârevered his willingness to stand up for American ideals even against the opposition of his own government" (354) mourn for him. Messersmith later admits âthat there were very few men who realized what was happening in Germany more thoroughly than he did" (355).
In 1939, Martha publishes a memoir called Through Embassy Eyes, which the Germans ban. In 1941, Martha and Bill Jr publish their fatherâs diary. They also try to publish their fatherâs correspondence, asking Messersmith to contribute. He refuses; Martha says she may publish his letters anyway, whereupon Messersmith threatens to write a tell-all on her love life. According to Messersmith: âThat ended the matter" (359).
In 1945, Martha publishes a novel, Sowing the Wind, âclearly based on the life of one of her past lovers, Ernst Udet" (359), about a war ace who falls into the clutches of Nazism. Martha also launches a successful salon whose guests include âPaul Robeson, Lillian Hellman, Margaret Bourke-White, and Isamu Noguchi" (360).
Martha and her husband adopt a baby boy, Robert. They also become Soviet spies. Though their efforts bear little fruit, they flee US authorities and escape to Prague, where Martha eventually becomes disillusioned with Communism and Robert develops schizophrenia.
Martha learns that the Nazis executed Mildred and Arvid Harnack for their anti-Nazi underground network. Her brother, Bill Jr, dies of cancer in 1952. Martha also hears that Rudolf Diels survives the war, only to die in 1957 in a hunting accident. Late in life, Martha corresponds flirtatiously with old lovers, including Max DelbrĂŒck and her first husband, Bassett.
In 1979, the US reluctantly drops all charges against Martha and Alfred, but they still owe more back taxes than they can afford, so they remain in Prague. Stern dies in 1986; Martha dies in 1990, age 82, ânot precisely a hero but certainly a woman of principle" (364).
Unearthed documents reveal a 1941 dinner conversation between Hitler and his aides. He laments that no one in the regime was able to get close to Martha and use her as leverage against her father. Such adventures, he believes, are the province of the diplomatic corps. âAnd it might end in marriage!â (365).
President Hindenburgâmuch revered among Germans as a First World War heroâreluctantly approves of Hitler's agenda but threatens to sack him unless he can get a handle on SA violence. This gives Hitler the perfect pretext to eliminate Röhm and his other opponents.
Hitler advertises âThe Night of the Long Knivesâ as a last-ditch rescue of Germany from the clutches of evil forces; it is, in fact, a violent political putsch by which Hitler defeats his only major opposition, the SAâs Captain Ernst Röhm. In the process, Hitler also takes out several miscellaneous opponents both real and imagined. By the time the smoke clears, Hitlerâs power is unchallenged.
The SA, Hitlerâs private army of intimidation that originally helps boost him to power, now finds itself stripped of its ambitious leadership. The SA continues in operation for several years but is smaller and has a reduced mandate, while the SS takes over its police functions. Storm Troopers continue their street demonstrations and engage in anti-Jewish activities. The German government drafts most of the Storm Troopers during World War II.
Hitlerâs great obsession is to recover German pride and dignity lost after World War I. The winners blame Germany for the carnage, but in fact the war began as a snowball effect from interlocking defense pacts between several nations.
In 1914, a lone Serbian assassin murders the visiting archduke of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; Austria responds with an attack on Serbia, which, in turn, invokes its defense treaty with Russia, which declares war on Austria, which invokes its defense treaty with Germany, which declares war on Russia and its ally, France, and so on until most of Europe is involved. Germany loses the war, not because it is an evil empire, but because the US military arrives in force to tip the balance and push Germany back behind its own borders.
Terms of the November 1918 armistice put territory west of the Rhine River in the hands of France and its allies, who patrol territory east of the river until 1930. The Versailles Treaty forbids German military occupation of these areas, a condition that deeply offends German pride. In 1936, Hitler abrogates the treaty by re-occupying this âRhineland,â from which German forces can once again threaten France.
It takes time for Germany and the rest of the world to realize that Hitlerâs program also includes the elimination of all citizens he deems impure. This leads to atrocities against Communists, Gypsies, gays, and others, but especially the Jews. By the time the world fully realizes the danger, it is far too late to stop the Nazi death machine except by total war. This is frustrating considering the warning signs that Dodd repeatedly points out to his superiors and lectures about to American citizens.
During 1938âs Kristallnacht, or âCrystal Night,â thousands of Jewish businesses and synagogues are damaged or destroyed. The name derives from all the shards of glass from broken windows shimmering on the sidewalks. Within a year, Hitlerâs men will begin to round up Jewish citizens and place them in concentration camps and extermination camps.
Hitlerâs plan to conquer Europe accelerates when he complains that Germany doesnât have enough room for its large population, estimated at the time at around 70 million people. Germany annexes Austria, its German-speaking southern neighbor, in March 1938âthis annexation, or âAnschluss,â is popular in both countriesâthen fixes its eyes on the German areas of Czechoslovakia that lie nested between Austria and Germany. The Munich Agreement cedes that region to the Germans in exchange for a promise of no war.
Dodd and Roosevelt recognize the German threat and would have the US prepare for what they see as an inevitable conflict with Germany. Americans, however, like most Europeans, donât want any more wars. Americans hold an âisolationistâ view of the world, an attitude that will persist for the first two years of the Second World War. Roosevelt isnât in a position politically to argue forcefully for an internationalist foreign policy of US engagement in major foreign conflicts; instead, he encourages allies like Dodd to speak for him instead of taking a more aggressive stance.
Less than a year after Munich, Hitler's military attacks Poland; by the spring of 1940, Germany controls most of Europe. The Munich Agreement is an act of appeasement that merely whets Hitlerâs appetite for more.
Roosevelt will get his mandate in late 1941, when Japan attacks the US Navy at Hawaii, and Congress authorizes war against the âAxisââJapan, Germany, and their ally, Italy. By 1944, Hitlerâs forces, severely weakened by his Napoleonic error in attacking Russia, finally must face the overwhelming power of the US military, a battle he cannot win.
The Naziâs Thousand Year Reich lasts a mere 12 years. It costs the lives of 8 million Germans and tens of millions of other Europeans, and goes down in history as a shameful excess, in large part for its murderous treatment of the Jews.
The Soviet Union, an ally against Germany, continues to haunt American foreign policy for decades, as Western democracies compete against the Communists for influence throughout the world. Martha Dodd manages to be involved with both the Nazi and Communist regimes, both supporting and antagonizing each. Her involvement encapsulates the back-and-forth tensions within the worldâs major societies, as people struggle to balance freedom and authority in their lives.



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