In the Penal Colony

Franz Kafka

31 pages 1-hour read

Franz Kafka

In the Penal Colony

Fiction | Short Story | Adult | Published in 1919

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Character List

Meet the key characters, with insights into their roles, motivations, and relationships—spoiler-free.

Major Characters

The officer serves as the executioner in an isolated penal colony. He dresses in a heavy, tight-fitting ceremonial uniform that is highly impractical for the tropical climate. As the sole remaining supporter of the colony's former ruler, he insists on maintaining violent traditions. He operates the complex execution apparatus and believes firmly in absolute, unquestionable punishment.

Key Relationships

Devoted Subordinate of The Old Commander

Host and Guide to The Traveler

Resentful Subordinate of The New Commander

Executioner of The Prisoner

Superior Officer of The Soldier

A foreign researcher who speaks French, the traveler visits the isolated colony to please the current leadership. He privately opposes capital punishment and feels uncomfortable with the local justice system. Despite his internal objections, he maintains a polite, reserved demeanor and uses his status as an outsider to justify his inaction.

Key Relationships

Cautious Observer of The Officer

Honored Guest of The New Commander

Passive Witness to The Prisoner

Observer of The Soldier

A physically imposing man, the prisoner faces a death sentence for falling asleep while on guard duty. Because he does not speak French, he cannot understand his captors and remains completely ignorant of his impending punishment. He is shackled with excessive chains around his neck, hands, and feet, leaving him with zero physical autonomy.

Key Relationships

Condemned by The Officer

Prisoner of The Soldier

Subordinate of The Major

Observed by The Traveler

Supporting Characters

The soldier is a low-ranking guard tasked with physically controlling the prisoner. He shares a social class and language with the condemned man but aligns himself with the oppressive system to maintain his small degree of authority. He shows little interest in the mechanics of the execution, frequently dozing off while on duty or taking advantage of the situation for personal comfort.

Key Relationships

Subordinate of The Officer

Guard of The Prisoner

Guide to The Traveler

The deceased former ruler of the penal colony designed the entire local justice system, including the glass and steel execution machine. He functioned as a soldier, judge, architect, chemist, and artist during his tenure. He demanded absolute obedience from all citizens and ruled through mandatory public displays of extreme physical torture.

Key Relationships

Former Commander of The Officer

Predecessor of The New Commander

The current leader of the penal colony favors administrative polish over public brutality. He implements reforms that outwardly appear more lenient, such as offering prisoners porridge before their executions. He quietly limits maintenance funds for the execution machine to push the old system into disrepair without directly outlawing it.

Key Relationships

Superior Officer of The Officer

Successor of The Old Commander

Host of The Traveler

A military superior who forces his subordinates to perform exhausting duties, such as saluting his door every hour. When he discovers the prisoner asleep on duty, he physically attacks him with a horsewhip instead of using formal disciplinary channels.

Key Relationships

Commanding Officer of The Prisoner