Genly is an interplanetary ambassador from the Ekumen, a galactic confederacy, who arrives on the cold planet of Gethen. Coming from Terra with strict binary gender norms, he frequently fails to interpret the genderless Gethenians accurately. He operates alone to demonstrate peaceful intentions, which leaves him vulnerable to the complex political factions of Karhide and Orgoreyn.

Estraven serves as the prime minister of Karhide at the start of Genly's mission. He practices the Gethen art of shifgrethor, a system of subtle communication that causes the foreign envoy to doubt his loyalty. He places the welfare of his world above allegiance to the erratic king, a stance that threatens his personal safety and political career.

Argaven is the autocratic monarch of Karhide. He exhibits erratic, paranoiac behavior and shows little interest in Genly's proposal to join an interstellar confederation. He views political advisors with suspicion and frequently alters his inner circle based on shifting moods.

Obsle is a commensal serving on the ruling council of Orgoreyn. He represents a faction that shows outward interest in the Ekumen, asking pointed questions about interstellar technology. He operates with polite evasion, keeping his true political motives securely hidden.

Shusgis is a wealthy transportation Commissioner in the Orgota city of Mishnory. He provides comfortable lodging for Genly when the envoy travels to Orgoreyn. His hospitality serves a dual purpose, keeping his guest comfortable while functioning as a method of state control.

Gaum is a member of the Orgota secret police, known as the Sarf. He belongs to a conservative faction that opposes opening trade with the Ekumen. He keeps close watch on political exiles and views foreign elements as a threat to societal order.

Faxe is a leader among the Foretellers, a religious order based in the Karhide forests. He practices a meditative state of studied ignorance to predict the future. He communicates with a clear directness that contrasts sharply with the secretive politicians of the royal court.

Tibe is a rising political figure in Karhide who replaces Estraven as prime minister. He relies on aggressive, nationalistic rhetoric to consolidate his power. He actively escalates border tensions with neighboring Orgoreyn and stirs xenophobic sentiment among the public.

Ashe is a citizen of Karhide and Estraven's long-term kemmering mate. Despite the lack of formal legal status for such relationships on Gethen, Ashe demonstrates profound loyalty to the embattled politician.

Arek is the late brother of the former prime minister. His memory holds deep emotional significance for his surviving sibling.