The Lilac People

Milo Todd

The Lilac People

Milo Todd
65 pages2-hour read
Fiction
Novel
Adult
Published in 2025

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Part 2, Chapters 15-20Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of racism, religious discrimination, gender discrimination, transgender discrimination, antigay bias, sexual violence, graphic violence, cursing, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and death.

Part 2, Chapter 15 Summary: “Berlin, 1933”

A month after the New Year’s Eve party, Bertie and Sofie have settled into a domestic routine at his apartment, where Sofie now spends much of her time. Gert has successfully undergone surgery and is recovering well under Roy’s care. While Bertie and Sofie are dancing and making plans to go out with their friends, a radio broadcast interrupts the music. The announcer reveals that President Hindenburg has appointed Adolf Hitler as the new Chancellor of Germany. Sofie reacts furiously, arguing that Papen and his allies supported Hitler because they believe they can control him and warning that they will fail to do so. The news leaves Bertie stunned and feeling cold.

Part 2, Interlude 3 Summary

A public announcement details new, restrictive government policies. The authorities have stopped issuing “transvestite cards” and are revoking all existing ones, rendering them invalid. Additionally, reports confirm that most applications for legal name changes by gender nonconforming people are now being rejected. The announcer ends with a message of solidarity, urging the affected community to remain hopeful that these oppressive measures will be short-lived.

Part 2, Interlude 4 Summary

The narrator reports that authorities have begun rescinding legal name changes that were previously granted. Many are being ordered to stop living according to their identities, and some have had their homes searched to ensure they no longer possess clothing deemed inappropriate. The narrator offers a message of support to those affected, hoping this wave of persecution does not spread.

Part 2, Interlude 5 Summary

A report announces that the Reichstag, Germany’s parliament building, is on fire. Hitler immediately blames Communists, arguing it as an attempt to destroy the government from within. However, eye witnesses claim to have seen Nazi brownshirts entering the building just before the fire started. The narrator conveys the terror of the unfolding crisis and urges the “lilac people” to look after one another.

Part 2, Interlude 6 Summary

An unnamed narrator reports that Adolf Hitler has successfully urged President Hindenburg to issue the Reichstag Fire Decree under the state purpose of protecting Germany from Communists. The decree gives Hitler’s government the legal authority to arrest and imprison political opponents without trial, censor the press, and suspend many civil liberties and protections. The narrator describes the development as “distressing” but ends with a message of hope for the future.

Part 2, Interlude 7 Summary

A bulletin announces that Hermann Göring, a minister in Hitler’s cabinet, has ordered the permanent closure of all social venues, including clubs and bars, associated with the lilac people. As a direct consequence of this new decree, reports confirm that these individuals are now being systematically arrested and imprisoned. The message concludes with a call for the them to remain strong and endure this period of persecution together.

Part 2, Interlude 8 Summary

An announcement reveals that a prison, officially called a “work camp,” has opened in Dachau. This camp is specifically intended to incarcerate “transvestites, inverts, and political opponents of Adolf Hitler” (170). Amid rumors that more such camps are planned, a warning is issued to the community to remain inconspicuous and avoid giving the authorities any reason to target them.

Part 2, Interlude 9 Summary

A message reports that the Eldorado has been seized and converted into a local Nazi headquarters. Its signs and banners have been removed and replaced with swastikas, except for the banner above the entrance reading “Hier ist’s richtig” (171). The narrator believes this was intentional and notes that a propaganda photograph of the building appears staged to emphasize the symbolism. The message ends by urging listeners to stay safe, look after one another, and maintain a low profile in the face of this new development.

Part 2, Interlude 10 Summary

A narrator reports that the Enabling Act has officially passed the Reichstag and been signed by President Hindenburg. This act legally transfers all legislative power from the Reichstag directly to Hitler. As a result, Hitler now possesses the authority to enact laws unilaterally, imprison political opponents without trial, and implement press censorship. The narrator stresses the distressing fact that this complete consolidation of power was achieved through legal, constitutional, and democratic processes. It is believed that Hitler is now creating a one-party state. The message concludes with an urgent warning for allies to remain vigilant and to blend in.

Part 2, Interlude 11 Summary

A message to “fellow lilacs” confirms that people are being transported to a new work camp in Dachau. Conditions inside the camp and the possibility of release remain unknown. The communication also reports that Kurt Hiller, one of the leaders of Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld’s Institut, has been arrested and taken to Dachau. The message acknowledges the community’s distress, noting that less than two months have passed since Hitler became chancellor.

Part 2, Interlude 12 Summary

The narrator reports that Hitler’s government in Germany is encouraging a nationwide boycott of Jewish-owned businesses beginning in April. The narrator expresses solidarity with Jewish people affected by this action, especially for those who are also “lilac.”

Part 2, Interlude 13 Summary

A broadcast warns about a newly enacted sterilization law, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, which will take effect on July 14. The law mandates the forcible sterilization of individuals with a wide range of conditions, including genetic blindness or deafness, manic depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and more. The message ends by urging listeners not to draw attention to themselves and to remain safe.

Part 2, Interlude 14 Summary

The narrator reports that all remaining lilac journals and newspapers have been forced to cease publication. The message ends with the bleak declaration that nothing of their community remains in print.

Part 2, Interlude 15 Summary

A new message reports that the Gestapo are collecting the names of “all men engaged in homosexual activities,” though the narrator remains unsure how this will affect “transvestites” (177).

Part 2, Interlude 16 Summary

News is received announcing the death of President Hindenburg. The interlude then reports that Adolf Hitler has appointed himself head of the German state.

Part 2, Interlude 17 Summary

A brief update reports that Adolf Hitler has publicly declared Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld to be “the most dangerous Jew in Germany” (179).

Part 2, Chapter 16 Summary: “Ulm, 1945”

With the immediate threat gone, Karl no longer has to hide inside the house. He and Sofie practice piano openly while Bertie pushes through his exhaustion to finish carving the stamp for their forged passports, which must be completed in three days. Their routine is interrupted by a visit from Frau Baer, who reveals that she knows they have a guest and says she saw someone drop from the spare-room window twice, both times when the American officer visited. Bertie attempts to lie, claiming they are Jewish, but she dismisses it. Frau Baer observes that Karl resembles neither of them before pointing out they have mail and departing, leaving them more paranoid than ever.


The letter is addressed to Sofie and comes from a former neighbor in Arnstadt. Sofie initially reacts with hope, but while reading it she learns that her family died in a bombing three years earlier. Overcome with grief, she blames herself for their deaths. Bertie comforts her and insists that she is not responsible, even as he begins privately blaming himself, while Karl places a hand on her shoulder in support.

Part 2, Chapter 17 Summary: “Berlin, 1933”

In May 1933, three months after Hitler’s appointment as chancellor, Berlin is tense and covered in swastikas. Bertie lives in constant fear because the revocation of his identification card and other rights means he now breaks the law simply by going outside as himself. The Institut is in decline, with fewer visitors, Nazi-sympathizing staff, restricted services, and frequent police harassment. Bertie finds a badly bruised Doktor Hirschfeld, who explains why he advocates for the lilac people using a canary in a coal mine analogy: as some of society’s most vulnerable people, their persecution is a warning that the country is becoming dangerous and that attacks will eventually spread to other groups. Hirschfeld warns that no group is safe.


Bertie has finalized the details for Hirschfeld’s world lecture tour, which begins that day. They share an emotional farewell, and although Hirschfeld insists that he will return, Bertie has seen his notes and suspects that he eventually intends to leave Germany permanently. Bertie wishes he could accompany him, but his own passport application has been halted.


Shortly after Hirschfeld leaves, a frightened young man arrives seeking help obtaining an identification card and legal name change. Bertie explains that cards and passports are no longer available but that name changes and medical services have not yet been completely stopped. As Bertie agrees to help him with everything the Institut still can, he feels a renewed sense of belonging and purpose. When Bertie asks the young man what name he wants to use, he introduces himself as Karl Fuchs.

Part 2, Chapter 18 Summary: “Berlin, 1933”

While working late at Doktor Hirschfeld’s Institut, with Karl’s application still on his desk, Bertie hears a brass band approaching. He looks out the window to see a mob of more than 100 Nazi students from the German Student Union arriving with torches and flags. The mob breaks into the building while chanting “Death to Hirschfeld!” (196) and begins violently ransacking the Institut and attacking its staff. 


When the students discover Bertie in his office, he barricades the door with his desk. Knowing he is trapped, he retrieves his own file and deliberately burns it before escaping through a rear window, injuring his wrist in the fall. When one of the students looks outside, Bertie remains still and is mistaken for dead, allowing him to escape. From outside, he watches students tear apart the Institut’s library, destroying books, photographs, documents, and years of collected research and history. Watching the destruction, Bertie concludes that their efforts to gain acceptance through visibility and education, without first securing legal protections, has instead made them targets. Devastated, Bertie flees home, where he collapses in front of Sofie and tells her that everything is gone.

Part 2, Chapter 19 Summary: “Ulm, 1945”

Believing the materials threaten their survival, Bertie burns his treasured photo album and identification card, feeling that destroying them is a necessary betrayal of his own history and friends. As he watches them burn, Karl joins him. Bertie confesses that they met once before at the Institut and that he feels responsible for Karl’s imprisonment at Dachau. During the Nazi raid on the Institut, Bertie deliberately burned his own file for self-protection but failed to burn Karl’s folder, which was sitting on top of his desk. Bertie believes the Nazis used the Institut’s files, including names, addresses, and photographs he had personally recorded, to create lists that targeted their community. He blames himself for what subsequently happened to Karl, Gert, and his other friends.


Karl reveals that he recognized Bertie from the beginning and remembers him as the first and last person like himself he had met before his imprisonment. He explains that beneath his outward composure he continues to grieve for himself and others who suffered. Karl feels trapped between believing that giving up would dishonor those who died and fearing that moving forward and becoming happy would dishonor them as well. After Bertie tells him that the Institut’s materials burned, Karl observes that they are all that is left of their history. Bertie asks whether Karl would warn his younger self about what was coming if he could not change it; while Bertie admits that he sometimes resents his own former hopefulness and innocence, Karl says he would tell his younger self nothing. Bertie then recalls that history has repeatedly shown that people like them are never completely erased, and Karl accepts this as a small source of comfort.

Part 2, Chapter 20 Summary: “Berlin, 1934”

On June 30, 1934, over a year after the Institut was permanently closed, Bertie and Sofie are living largely isolated in their apartment, leaving mainly for odd jobs and trying to avoid attention. Late that night, Gert bursts into the apartment and warns them that Hitler has ordered Ernst Röhm killed and that a simultaneous “pogrom [against] the third sex” (210) is under way. Gert reveals that Nazis are killing people or taking them to Dachau using lists and that he had barely escaped. When Bertie asks how they could have found an entire list, Gert only stares at him helplessly. He gives them an address for his grandparents’ farm in Ulm, instructing them to write a joint suicide note, abandon their belongings, and flee immediately. When Bertie asks about their other friends, Gert admits that he only had time to warn one person.


After Gert leaves to plant a similar note at his own apartment, Bertie takes his photo album with his old identification card inside, and Sofie takes a framed photograph of her family. They otherwise leave with only the clothes they are wearing. While they are escaping Berlin, they encounter a Nazi roadblock. Sofie fakes a miscarriage, screaming and pretending that she is losing their baby while Bertie begs the soldiers to let them seek medical help. The soldiers eventually allow them through, and Bertie and Sofie drive through the night to Ulm.


Upon reaching the Baumann farm, they disguise their car with mud before approaching the house. Oma and Opa have been expecting them after a call from Gert, but Gert has not arrived. Bertie insists that he cannot be far behind, and the chapter ends as they all wait for him, increasingly worried.

Part 2, Chapters 15-20 Analysis

The rapid sequence of interludes following Hister’s appointment as chancellor changes the novel’s pacing radically, creating a stark narrative rhythm that contrasts the personal, emotional dramas of the main chapters with the bureaucratic, relentless march of history. Their repeated opening, “We’ve received word” (165), gives them the form of emergency bulletins, compressing a cascade of political changes into only a few pages: identification cards are revoked, legal name changes are reversed, social spaces are closed, Dachau opens, civil liberties disappear, and more. The repetition creates the sensation that the community barely has time to absorb one restriction before another arrives, while the announcer’s insistence that the acts were achieved through “legal, constitutional, and democratic means” (172) emphasizes the helplessness of those affected.


At the same time, the emotional language of the broadcasts gradually deteriorates. Early messages still encourage listeners to “[t]ake heart, fellow souls. Let us hope that this dark day is shorter” (165), while later announcements become increasingly bleak, culminating in the declaration that “[t]here is nothing of us left” (176). In this way, the novel uses both compression and repetition to recreate the speed with which rights can disappear. By separating this historical exposition from the main narrative, the novel mimics how sweeping political events can feel both distant and terrifyingly immediate, interrupting the characters’ lives like the radio broadcast that cuts into Bertie and Sofie’s dance to announce Hitler’s chancellorship. The detached tone emphasizes the clinical nature of the persecution, grounding the fictional story in a factual, historical timeline of escalating oppression.


Doktor Hirschfeld articulates The Need to Protect Marginalized Groups most clearly through his metaphor comparing vulnerable people to a canary in a coal mine. Their persecution, he argues, should not be understood as an isolated problem affecting only a small minority. Instead, he points out that the most vulnerable people are the first to be eliminated “when an environment turns poisonous” (190), and that their fate is a barometer of societal health. When a society becomes willing to strip rights from one vulnerable group, it means that it has established mechanisms that can eventually be turned against others. Hirschfeld’s warning is immediately and tragically validated by the Nazi raid on the Institut. The interludes structurally reinforce this argument. What begins with attacks on the lilac community rapidly expands through political imprisonment, antisemitic boycotts, forced sterilization, press censorship, and the destruction of democratic restraints on Hitler’s power. The novel thus places Hirschfeld’s metaphor beside a compressed demonstration of what exactly he means. The Institut’s destruction then exposes a similar conflict, as Bertie had believed that research, documentation, and public education could produce acceptance. Instead, the Nazis exploit that visibility once legal safeguards disappear, with Bertie noting that “[v]isibility without protection only encouraged violence” (200). Ultimately, the tragedy lies in the fact that visibility without enforceable protection leaves vulnerable people exposed to those willing to weaponize information against them.


Bertie’s confession to Karl that he failed to burn Karl’s file during the Institut raid complicates the narrative’s exploration of guilt and responsibility. In a moment of panic, Bertie chose self-preservation, destroying his own records while leaving Karl’s exposed on his desk. His admission, “[m]y hands gave the Nazis everything they needed to slaughter my own people” (206), reveals the deep weight of this decision. This act illustrates a specific, personal form of Passivity as Complicity in Atrocities, where inaction under duress leads to destructive consequences. Bertie’s guilt is that of a victim forced into an impossible choice. This moment is echoed when Gert, warning Bertie and Sofie of the pogrom, can only stare helplessly when asked how the Nazis compiled their lists. The narrative demonstrates how oppressive systems turn victims against each other, forcing them into split-second decisions that haunt them for years and blur the lines between survival and culpability.


The destruction of communal culture is emphasized throughout this section of the text through the novel’s changing use of music and silence. Earlier sections associated the song “Das Lila Lied” with crowded rooms in which the community can publicly celebrate itself, yet this section progressive dismantles the places that made such collective expression possible. Chapter 15 begins with Bertie and Sofie dancing privately in their apartment before Hitler’s appointment interrupts the music; the subsequent interludes report the closure of queer clubs, the seizure of the Eldorado, and eventually the disappearance of the community’s remaining publications. By 1934, Bertie and Sofie live largely isolated inside their apartment, trying not to attract attention. The movement from the communal singing of earlier Berlin chapters toward privacy and silence demonstrates persecution through absence: the disappearance of the environments in which “Das Lila Lied” underscores the increasing suppression of the lilac people. The motif’s continued survival through Bertie, Sofie, and Karl in 1945 consequently becomes more significant: the Nazis succeed in destroying the public world surrounding the song without completely destroying the cultural memories it carries.


Gert’s final appearance in Berlin develops the theme of The Arbitrary Nature of Survival without reducing survival to simple luck. He is arguable the most prepared person in the scene: he recognizes the purge, escapes an attack, warns Bertie and Sofie, provides the address of his grandparents’ farm, tells them how to fake their deaths, and arranges a refuge before attempting his own escape. Bertie and Sofie survive the roadblock because Sofie improvises a convincing miscarriage, exploiting the soldiers’ assumptions long enough for them to pass. However, when they reach Ulm, the person who created their path to safety is absent. This reversal reinforces Karl’s earlier rejections of the idea that survival proves superior strength or intelligence. Gert does nearly everything right, while Bertie and Sofie’s escape depends on his help and a form of improvised chance. The chapter ends with them waiting for Gert rather than celebrating their own safety, leaving survival tied to uncertainty. The novel thereby shifts the question away from what survivors did to deserve survival and toward the more disturbing reality that preparation, courage, and generosity cannot guarantee who will make it through the violence alive.

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