The Ways of White Folks

Langston Hughes

49 pages 1-hour read

Langston Hughes

The Ways of White Folks

Fiction | Short Story Collection | Adult | Published in 1934

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Character List

Meet the key characters, with insights into their roles, motivations, and relationships—spoiler-free.

Major Characters

Cora is a resilient, middle-aged Black woman who shoulders the burden of supporting her aging parents. Having dropped out of school to care for her siblings, she works tirelessly for employers who mistreat her. She carries grief from losing her own daughter but channels her maternal warmth into caring for her employers' child, creating a bond stronger than her workplace obligations.

Key Relationships

Caretaker of Jessie Studevant

Employee of Mrs. Studevant

Daughter of Pa Jenkins

Daughter of Ma Jenkins

Mother of Josephine

Former romantic partner of Joe

Mrs. Studevant is a strict, image-conscious White mother in a small town. She treats her household help poorly and holds harsh, unyielding expectations for her daughter. She prioritizes her family's social standing above all else.

Key Relationships

Employer of Cora Jenkins

Mother of Jessie Studevant

Michael is a wealthy White artist living in New York. He views Black culture as mere entertainment rather than an equal community. He frequently changes his mind about his household help and possesses a fickle temper regarding his home environment.

Key Relationships

Husband of Anne Carraway

Employer of Luther

Employer of Mattie

Son of Mrs. Carraway

Anne is a New York artist who fetishizes Black culture for her own creative projects. She lacks self-awareness about her intrusive requests and prefers to treat her employees as artistic props rather than people.

Key Relationships

Wife of Michael Carraway

Employer of Luther

Employer of Mattie

Luther is a handsome young Black man handling the eccentric demands of his wealthy White employers. He tolerates bizarre modeling requests for the sake of earning a paycheck and bonds with the other household staff over their shared disbelief at the situation.

Key Relationships

Employee of Anne Carraway

Employee of Michael Carraway

Romantic interest of Mattie

Subordinate to Mrs. Carraway

Roy is a talented violinist who has spent years performing across Europe. Suffering from a hemorrhage, he returns to the segregated South to be near his family. He finds himself jarringly reintroduced to racial hostility after experiencing relative equality abroad.

Key Relationships

Son of Mother Williams

Friend of Miss Reese

Jack is a biracial man living in Chicago who secures a well-paying job by passing for White. He handles the economic benefits of his chosen path while wrestling with the guilt of ignoring his Black relatives in public to maintain his lifestyle.

Key Relationships

Son of Ma

Brother of Charlie

Brother of Gladys

The unnamed narrator is a young Black man saving money for dental school at Columbia. He tolerates his erratic employer's excessive drinking and constant affairs because the job pays exceptionally well.

Key Relationships

Employee of Mr. Lloyd

Acquaintance of Pauline

Mr. Lloyd is a wealthy man dealing with his wife's paralysis through heavy drinking and affairs. He pays his staff generously but demands absolute discretion regarding his personal life until a specific woman catches his attention.

Key Relationships

Employer of Narrator

Romantic interest of Pauline

Eugene is a handsome, dark-haired con man passing for White. A former movie extra, he commodifies spiritualism and Black culture to swindle wealthy individuals seeking happiness through his joy-focused classes.

Key Relationships

Business partner of Sol Blum

Oceola is a gifted young Black pianist living in New York. While she accepts financial backing to focus on classical training, she maintains strong ties to her Harlem community and prefers playing jazz at local house parties.

Key Relationships

Protégée of Mrs. Ellsworth

Romantic interest of Pete

Mrs. Ellsworth is a wealthy widow who uses her late husband's fortune to support artists. She insists on controlling her protégées' artistic directions and believes art should supersede personal relationships.

Key Relationships

Patron of Oceola Jones

Clarence is a crude, racist White sailor looking for a distraction while on shore leave. He holds hateful views regarding the impoverished communities he visits and uses the locals for brief amusement.

Key Relationships

Former romantic interest of Betsy

Father of Clarence

Arnie is a Black orphan raised in an entirely White town near Boston. Despite receiving a privileged upbringing, he feels deeply isolated by the performative charity of the locals. He searches for a place where he feels truly accepted.

Key Relationships

Ward of Mr. Pemberton

Ward of Mrs. Pemberton

Friend of Claudina Lawrence

A wealthy White man who raises an orphaned boy out of a sense of Christian duty. His supposedly charitable actions are rooted in preconceived notions about race rather than genuine affection.

Key Relationships

Guardian of Arnie

Husband of Mrs. Pemberton

Mrs. Pemberton views raising the orphaned boy as a noble sacrifice. She projects her prejudices onto him as he grows older and begins to travel, failing to understand his desire for true connection.

Key Relationships

Guardian of Arnie

Wife of Mr. Pemberton

Miss Briggs is a single, thrifty woman who takes great pride in her financial independence. She leads a solitary life, distrusts people generally, and struggles with unspoken racial anxieties when a new staff member arrives at her building.

Key Relationships

Tenant of Joe

Owner of Flips

Millberry, also known as Berry, is an uneducated but perceptive Black youth from Georgia. Desperate for steady meals, he accepts an underpaid position at a children's home, where he quickly becomes a beloved figure to the disabled residents.

Key Relationships

Employee of Dr. Renfield

Employee of Mrs. Osborn

Dr. Renfield operates a summer home for crippled children with a clear preference for profit over patient care. He exploits his staff by paying unequal wages and quickly blames others for any issues.

Key Relationships

Employer of Millberry Jones

Colleague of Mrs. Osborn

Arcie is a hardworking mother who exhausts herself working for an unsympathetic White family. She struggles to stretch her meager wages to afford basic childcare and a small holiday surprise for her young son.

Key Relationships

Mother of Joe

Colonel Norwood is a wealthy, powerful White plantation owner in Georgia. He dominates his estate through strict enforcement of racial hierarchies and refuses to publicly acknowledge his biracial children, leading to severe domestic tension.

Key Relationships

Romantic partner of Coralee Lewis

Father of Bert Lewis

Father of Willie Lewis

Coralee is a resourceful Black woman who essentially runs a large Southern plantation. She handles the complex dynamics of her household while attempting to mediate between her stubborn employer and her equally stubborn son.

Key Relationships

Romantic partner of Colonel Tom Norwood

Mother of Bert Lewis

Mother of Willie Lewis

Bert is the handsome, quick-witted, and rebellious biracial son of a wealthy plantation owner. Educated and fiercely independent, he refuses to conform to the subservient role expected of him in his Southern hometown.

Key Relationships

Brother of Willie Lewis

Supporting Characters

Jessie is the daughter of the wealthy Studevant family. She struggles academically and finds little emotional support from her own parents. Instead, she seeks comfort and guidance in the kitchen, forming a deep attachment to the household help.

Key Relationships

Cared for by Cora Jenkins

Daughter of Mrs. Studevant

Mattie works as household help for the Carraways in New York. She shares her new coworker's skepticism regarding their employers' strange behavior and finds comfort in his company.

Key Relationships

Romantic interest of Luther

Employee of Anne Carraway

Employee of Michael Carraway

Michael's mother from Kansas City who visits her son in New York. She holds strict, traditional views regarding how servants should behave and quickly clashes with the household staff.

Key Relationships

Mother of Michael Carraway

Authority figure over Luther

Miss Reese is a White music teacher at the local high school. She shares a deep appreciation for classical music and welcomes the chance to talk about art with an experienced performer.

Key Relationships

Friend of Roy Williams

Jack's mother encouraged him to use his light skin to find better economic opportunities in the city. She accepts his distance so he can maintain his job and lifestyle during tough economic times.

Key Relationships

Mother of Jack

Mother of Charlie

Mother of Gladys

A Black woman who briefly captivates Mr. Lloyd, making him happier than his previous mistresses. She possesses a fiery independence and refuses to let her affection be bought.

Key Relationships

Romantic interest of Mr. Lloyd

Sol is Eugene's good friend and business partner. He helps manage the logistical side of their elaborate joy-seeking enterprise and keeps the operation running smoothly.

Key Relationships

Business partner of Eugene Lesche

A porter who stays in Oceola's apartment while saving money to attend medical school. He supports Oceola's roots in the local community.

Key Relationships

Romantic interest of Oceola Jones

A young Black woman living in Florida who previously had a brief encounter with a sailor. She resides with her religious family and tries to welcome her former companion warmly.

Key Relationships

Former romantic interest of Clarence

Mother of Clarence

Claudina is a young Black woman from Atlanta who invites Arnie to socialize with her diverse group of friends in Paris, offering him his first taste of genuine acceptance.

Key Relationships

Friend of Arnie

Joe is a humble, polite Black man who works as a building janitor. He regularly delivers pet food to a tenant's door, completely unaware of the nervous discomfort his presence causes her.

Key Relationships

Employee of Miss Briggs

Mrs. Osborn helps manage the sanatorium. She enforces the facility's discriminatory wage practices and worries about how the staff will react to their newest worker.

Key Relationships

Manager of Millberry Jones

Colleague of Dr. Renfield

Douglass is a Black man in an Ohio town whose romantic relationship with a married White woman sparks outrage and fear among the local community, threatening to escalate racial tensions.

Key Relationships

Acquaintance of Mrs. Sam Jones

Willie is Bert's older brother, who handles the dangerous environment of their Georgia town by accepting the social boundaries that his younger brother actively fights against.

Key Relationships