68 pages • 2-hour read
Denis JohnsonA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section includes discussion of substance use, cursing, racism, death, sexual content, gender discrimination, and graphic violence.
On shore leave in Honolulu, Hawaii, Bill drinks at a club on the waterfront. He’s joined by Kinney, a civilian crew member on Bill’s ship, the USNS Bonners Ferry, and an aimless-seeming man who appears to be high on a substance. The man reveals he was once a Marine in Vietnam, but was discharged because of a disability. He describes his exploits in the army to Bill and Kinney, using racist slurs against the Polynesian and Southeast Asian peoples. His worst story is that he, along with others, cut off a woman’s private parts in Vietnam. Bill is in disbelief, countering that the US Marines would never allow such a barbaric thing.
Bill, Kinney, and the man drink on the waterfront after the bartender throws them out. Kinney’s behavior grows increasingly erratic, and after a while, he takes Bill to the house of a man who owes him money, calls out the man, and shoots him dead at point-blank range (this is the incident which Bill describes for Jim in the 1967 flash-forward). They run from the spot, Bill deciding to steer clear of Kinney. Bill reports to Shore Patrol and requests a week’s recuperation. For his prolonged holiday, Bill is demoted to a seaman.
In Arizona, James is in his third year of high school. James returns home to find Burris, the youngest Houston brother, playing with a cap pistol. James asks Burris not to put his face too close to the pistol, as its shot contains gunpowder and can injure him. The phone rings from inside; it is Bill, calling from Honolulu. James and Bill have an awkward conversation, with James feeling he doesn’t really know Bill. James tells Bill that he plans to join the Marines. Bill finishes the call but rings back, repeating this a couple more times, till James hangs up on him.
James drives to the McDowell mountains with his date, Charlotte, his friend Rollo, and a girl named Stephanie (Stevie) Dale, chasing the rumor of a wild outdoor party. Unable to find the supposed party, the group parks on the highway, drinking beer in the back of the pickup truck. James dislikes the way Charlotte snorts beer out of her nose while laughing at Rollo’s vulgar jokes. He realizes he prefers Stevie, who seems more sophisticated and sexier. James dumps Charlotte the same evening and takes up with Stevie, flirting with her as he drives her around. However, when Stevie starts asking questions about James’s father, James feels she is getting too familiar and grows melancholy. James tells Stevie he plans to join the Army infantry, go to Vietnam, and “fuck up a whole lot of people” (128). Stevie chides him for his violent statement, reminding him not to feed his mean side, lest it keep growing. James apologizes, and they kiss.
When James gets back home, his mother, May, has returned from her exhausting job at the horse ranch. James informs May that he is going to try for the army. May is skeptical, but James manages to convince her on the promise that he will send money home every month, unlike Bill. Though James feels he cannot wait to get out of Arizona, he briefly forgets about the army because he now has a girlfriend. James and Stevie have sex regularly, but when Stevie talks about her own life and her plans for the cheerleading squad, James feels depressed. He thinks his problems are greater than Stevie’s, with his single mother working herself to the bone.
Since he is underage, for his application to the army, James changes the year of birth on his birth certificate from 1949 to 1948 by closing the loop of the “9.” He is accepted by the army and sent for training at Fort Jackson, North Carolina. The training is grueling, and James is gripped by the fear that he will have to kill or be killed when in the field. However, he takes to heart an officer’s advice that soldiers should volunteer for a recon outfit in the combat zone so they have “mobility options.” A moving target is harder to hit. James likes the official-sounding terms like “mobility options” and decides to adopt the purpose-driven language of the infantry.
Returning home for his furlough before he is deployed to Vietnam, James sees a lot of Stevie, but also thinks of her uncharitably. One day, he and Stevie drive down to the edge of the hills on Carefree Highway, and spot a car wreck in which a man is burned alive to death. James tells Stevie he hopes that the man who died in the car fainted before he caught fire. He changes the topic by asking Stevie if she was sexually inexperienced when they first had sex. Catching James’s judgmental tone, Stevie responds that she was, and begins to cry. James consoles her but feels trapped, as if his only two options are to die a fiery death like the man in the crash or live a mundane life with Stevie. By December, James stops hanging out with his friends and Stevie, feeling alienated from everyone.
After Damulog, Skip went to the US for a year to be trained in ops and learn Vietnamese. He now returns to the Philippines on his way to Vietnam, expecting to confront Eddie about his mysterious dealings with the colonel and the German, but Eddie seems to have vanished. As Skip drives in the staff car to his quarters, he goes through his mail. There is a letter from his mother, Beatrice, and one from Kathy, who is now in Vietnam.
Kathy has written regularly to Skip in the last year. At first, Skip devoured her letters, but lately her letters seem to be growing disjointed, so he decides to tackle first the rare letter from his reticent mother. Beatrice thanks Skip for the money he sent home and writes that she is happy that Skip is serving his country, but cannot shake off the feeling that the US government is sending their boys to die and kill without a reasonable explanation. As he reads the letter, Skip feels guilty that he didn’t visit his mother despite being in the US for 14 months. His mother signs off, saying that she plans to start attending church regularly.
Skip finally takes up Kathy’s letter, in which she describes the situation in Vietnam. Kathy says that while the Americans chose to wage war in the country, the Vietnamese have no choice but to be stuck in the war. The circumstances in Vietnam have Kathy questioning her faith. She wonders why there is so much evil on earth.
Later that evening, Skip is visited by Voss, an officer he met during ciphers training at Quantico. They drink beer together and discuss the colonel. Voss tells Skip that the colonel’s latest submission to the CIA’s in-house magazine, Studies in Intelligence, has been raising eyebrows, as if the colonel has either written satire or floated the idea of treason. The submission has been held back. The revelation makes Skip feel panicked, strengthening his growing fear that the colonel’s mission in Vietnam is too shadowy.
At night, Skip strolls through the town, where he visits a carnival with a mermaid show. The mermaid show is a woman in a suspended glass tank, periodically dunking underwater. Since Skip is the only patron, she waves for him to go away. Skip strolls through the town, reflecting that he loves Southeast Asia so much that he doesn’t care if he ever returns home.
The novel’s focus on The Harmful Effects of Patriarchal Norms During War takes center stage in this section, with Bill and James’s experiences in the armed forces pivoting around increasing violence. Bill’s offshore leave begins on a foreboding note as he encounters the unhinged Kinney and the erratic man on the beach. While the latter claims to have witnessed and committed horrifying crimes, Kinney actually kills a man in cold blood in front of Bill. Significantly, the murder does not take place during combat or an armed conflict, but in an everyday setting in broad daylight. Kinney’s trigger-happy behavior shows that the effects of war outlast their setting, altering the behavior of men. Bill’s encounter with the beach dweller contains a significant bit of foreshadowing. When the man narrates the graphic tale of mutilating a woman’s genitals, a flabbergasted Kinney claims that he is lying, since the “U.S. Marines would never put up with that” (132). Later in the narrative, James and his company will eventually carry out rape and murder, showing that the army does put up with that.
This chapter shows how the Houston brothers have the odds stacked against them from the onset because of the failures of the system and the community back home. Since their working-class mother, May, has to toil punishing hours to support the family, she is unable to devote time to James and Burris, leaving them to their own devices. Further, violence and gun culture, which are shown to be all-pervasive, encourage boys and men to glorify conflict. Burris, who is 10 years old, plays with a toy gun, which can cause him harm; the ubiquity of the gun shows how violence is normalized. In the absence of supportive community structures, it is the army that provides James with the possibility of meaning. Significantly, though James cannot communicate with his brothers Bill and Burris, he hopes to create a new quasi-brotherhood through the army. This tension between “real” and manufactured families recurs throughout the novel.
James’s worsening treatment of girls foreshadows his denigration of women in Southeast Asia. Although he initially pursues Stevie, he gets bored when she talks about her own interests and her life, showing that he is not really interested in her as an individual. James’s question to Stevie about her prior sexual experiences indicates his sexist double standards: Since she has sex with him, James assumes she is sexually promiscuous and judges her for it, even though he does not apply the same standards to men’s sexual behavior. However, the narrative does not suggest James’s attitude is particularly unusual—in fact, it suggests that the very ubiquity of such attitudes among young men is a problem, speaking to widespread sexism and misogyny.
This section contains several images of trapped people, from the driver who burned to death in his car to the mermaid in the carnival show. The images amplify the sense of people stuck in their lives, wanting to run away, but with no destination in sight, invoking The Search for Faith and Meaning in an Arbitrary World. James identifies with the driver because he constantly feels a sense of suffocation. For many men in the novel, domesticity, women, mothers, and children represent stifling spaces. James feels trapped in a vise when he is with Stevie in the desert, even though they are “surrounded by these unbounded spaces” (150). In the case of the mermaid, her tank signifies the lack of choices, as she is stuck in a job where she has to stay submerged in water with her legs bound by a heavy cloth.
Just like the proliferation of the imagery of trapped people, other images recur in the novel, creating a labyrinth of meaning. One such image is the red earth of South Vietnam, which sticks to people. The mud is described as sticking to Carignan’s shoes and later splattered on the colonel’s boots. The mud can be seen as a symbol of the blood of Vietnam, its stickiness implying that the experience of war will have lasting effects on the psyche of characters. Kathy’s letters to Skip are also an important motif in the novel, representing truth, such as when Kathy writes to Skip that while his side chose war, the Vietnamese people have had war forced on them.
Skip and Voss’s conversation about the colonel makes Skip feel torn between reality and his idealized image of his uncle, complicating his views on The Impossibility of Simple Ethical Choices During Armed Conflict. Voss suggests that the colonel’s operations are not just dangerous, but ludicrous, since he has wasted precious time and resources to hunt down newsreel footage of a Knute Rockne ball game, even trying to commission an international flight to bring the film to Vietnam. Skip feels irritated at Voss giving voice to his own growing apprehensions, and wants to “hit Voss with a bottle” (163). Refusing to critically examine the colonel, Skip claims, “The colonel has his reasons for whatever he does” (163). Skip’s adamant views on the colonel indicate that Skip has a lot of growing up to do, as he still avoids facing the nuances and problematic aspects of the colonel’s actions.



Unlock all 68 pages of this Study Guide
Get in-depth, chapter-by-chapter summaries and analysis from our literary experts.