Tree of Smoke

Denis Johnson

68 pages 2-hour read

Denis Johnson

Tree of Smoke

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2007

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Chapters 8-9Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of rape, death, gender discrimination, substance use, and addiction.

Chapter 8 Summary: “1970”

James is in a deep combat zone, what he thinks of as “the True Death” (570). On a patrol with his company of six Lurps, James is suddenly surrounded by gunfire.


James drops to his knees and crawls back. The firing and grenade-lobbing stop. James hears shouts that Bakers, one of his company, has been hit. By the time he gets to Bakers, Bakers is already dead. The men shift the corpse out of the way, a guy called “Dirty” claiming the hit was a one-person job. The company discusses that the death was the fault of the Green Berets, since they did not let the Lurps into their perimeter, forcing them to patrol along a more dangerous path. The men want their revenge, and some of them run into the bush to catch the perpetrator.


Dirty returns, dragging a small naked woman from the jungle, claiming that she is the one who threw the grenade. The men hold her down and rape her in turns, James going last and holding a knife against the woman’s belly as he brutalizes her, taunting her by calling her “sojer” (soldier). The Lurps ultimately kill the woman. Later, James confronts a group of Green Berets for causing Bakers’s death, and they beat him up.


Soon, James is called by his commanding officer and told that he is being terminated from the army for his actions. Lorin asks James to apologize to the captain of the Green Berets. The captain asks James about what he did to the woman in the jungle. James replies that the woman was “a VC whore” (521). The captain tells James he can no longer remain in the army, though the captain also fears unleashing James on the American people. James is let go. Lorin tells James that the story will be maintained that he got an honorable discharge.


By the time James returns home, Bill is out of prison, sober, and holding down a job. James is arrested soon after his arrival for drunken assault, and Bill bails him out. James rents an apartment in Phoenix and spends his days drinking and wandering around aimlessly. He does not get in touch with Stevie. One day, he runs into Bill’s old friend Pat Patterson in a tavern. Patterson tells James that he plans to rob an isolated casino in Gila Bend. The raid will have “some of the quality of warfare” (548). James agrees to help. James reconnects with Stevie while he and Patterson rob a few casinos.


The police catch them after their fourth job. Two weeks before he is sentenced to prison, James marries Stevie. James’s sentence is whittled down to a few years because it is his first felony, and he is an ex-soldier. Before James’s departure for prison, Bill counsels his brother to lie low in prison. Later, Bill goes to a tavern, gets drunk, and rents a room with a couple of women. The women leave in the middle of the night. Bill has no money the next morning to pay the room’s charges and waits for the management to seize him.


In Vietnam, Kathy has begun working alongside a Japanese doctor named Manichikoh (“Dr Mai”), going around the villages with him in his Land Rover to treat injured people. One day, she and Dr. Mai perform an amputation on a man in his 30s who unearthed an unexploded artillery round. They use their limited supplies to save what they can of the man’s arm. The operation is successful, and Dr. Mai achieves a clean stump. Later, Dr. Mai asks Kathy how long she plans to stay in Vietnam. Kathy replies, “until it’s over” (531).

Chapter 9 Summary: “1983”

By 1983, Hao and Kim have moved to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The place suits Kim. Her health is better, and she has more access to Chinese herbalists. One morning, while Kim is reading The Straits Times aloud as usual, he stops her at an article about a “Canadian” who is actually American, waiting to be sentenced to death for an arms racket. It is clear that the article is referring to Skip. Hao tells Kim that a man from his past is in grave trouble. Kim tells Hao that since the man is from his past, it is better for Hao not to think about it.


However, Hao cannot help thinking of the past or the fact that it is the sacrifice of others that has brought him and Kim to their comfortable life in Malaysia, where they live in the servants’ quarters behind the house of a doctor from Marseilles. Kim is the family’s housekeeper, while Hao drives the doctor to work. With Minh having emigrated to America, it is likely he will soon open a passage for his aunt and uncle to emigrate there. Hao feels sorrow for those who betrayed others, most of all Trung, on whom he played a “trick.” Though he escaped Fest, Trung was caught by the Americans and put in a prison camp. Fortunately, he was released at the end of the war and is seen as a hero. Trung has a house in Saigon, now Ho Chi Minh City, and is often interviewed by historians.


Eddie is in Manila when he receives a letter from Skip, in which Skip tells him that he is in Pudu Prison in Kuala Lumpur, arrested for running a minor arms racket. Skip believes he will be sentenced to death and wants Eddie to check on his family, whose location he provides. Skip, who shifted to Cebu City after burning the colonel’s files, has a common law wife called Cora Ng and three children. Skip finishes the letter by reminiscing about the colonel. Though the colonel is dead, his spirit lives on in Skip.


Jimmy, who has been hopping countries since the colonel’s death, is still convinced the colonel is alive. He goes to the Kuala Lumpur High Court the day Skip is to be sentenced, where he watches the judge declare Skip a scourge on society and sentence him to death by hanging. Later, Jimmy visits the prison to meet Skip. The meeting, which happens in the presence of the warden, Mr. Shaffee, is strange, with Jimmy threatening to harm Skip’s family unless he reveals the colonel’s location. Skip punches Jimmy in the stomach, then tells Jimmy to see a man called Ju-Shuan in Gerik for answers. Shaffee ends the conversation.


Jimmy stays in Kuala Lumpur till Skip is hanged, and then heads to Gerik to meet the man named Ju-Shuan. After a convoluted encounter, Ju-Shuan gives Jimmy the colonel’s address across the border in Thailand, and Jimmy rushes to the road, hitching a ride with a boy on a motorcycle. After the motorcycle topples, the boy gets hurt. He and Jimmy walk to the nearby village for help, where they end up at the house of a strange man called Dr. Mahathir, either a medical doctor or an entomologist. Dr. Mahathir sutures the boy’s wound and tells Jimmy the village is cursed. In exchange for money for his family, the boy has agreed to undergo an immolation ceremony the next day to clear the village of the curse.


The next day, the villagers show Jimmy the way into Thailand. By noon, Jimmy is at the address he received. However, Jimmy only finds someone else there, whom Jimmy recognizes as Anders Pitchfork. Pitchfork says the colonel is dead, and shows Jimmy a grave at the back of the house. Pitchfork, who has known the colonel since he was a volunteer during World War II, tends to the colonel’s grave. Jimmy walks back to Dr. Mahathir’s village. By the time he arrives, the immolation ceremony is about to start, a pyre is set up, and the villagers are all dressed in clean clothes. The boy stands apart from the throng.


Jimmy steps next to the boy, yelling, “I am the true compensator” (592), and tells Dr. Mahathir that Jimmy should be the real sacrifice because he genuinely desires to undergo the ceremony. Jimmy will ensure the money still goes to the boy. Dr. Mahathir tries to dissuade Jimmy, but ultimately gives in. Jimmy is stripped and laid out on a blanket next to the pyre and has shards from broken household idols dropped on him. Jimmy hands over for the pyre a piece of paper on which is written a poem he composed on Vietnam. Mahathir explains that the pyre is symbolic: The plan was never to place a person in it. Jimmy lies on the blanket as the empty pyre burns, watching the smoke rise, waiting for the gods to reveal themselves in its face.


Kathy, now married to Doctor Carlos Benventuo, is in Minneapolis, where she meets Ginger, an old acquaintance. Over coffee, Ginger asks Kathy why she hasn’t seen her at church. Kathy confesses that she has strayed from faith after her experiences in Vietnam. Ginger says the church can help even in the “dry places” and suggests Kathy come with her to church the next time. She hands Kathy a letter that was forwarded to her via Colin Rappaport. The letter, running into several pages, is from Skip. Skip writes to Kathy from prison, explaining how he ended up there. He’s chosen to wait to write to her close to his execution day so he doesn’t have to wonder if she’ll ever answer.


Skip tells Kathy that he believes he loved her, the only person for whom he felt this way. However, her intensity scared him, and he did not answer her letters, just as he did not answer his mother’s letters. Thus, he drove off both women. If he had the chance for a do-over with her, he wouldn’t run. Skip sounds mystical and contemplative in the letter, but even though Kathy’s heart hurts for Skip, she does not remember him that way. She remembers him instead as a young man who used lies and humor as a defense mechanism.


Kathy heads to a conference on Vietnam, where she is to give a talk about her experiences. She meets three young women from Vietnam, now living in America. The girls address the audience before Kathy. As they leave the stage, Kathy gets on, looking at the auditorium and practicing her speech. She has an epiphany of sorts as the people in the audience become real to her. These people have backstories: Someone may have cancer; another may have a broken heart. Many of them may be veterans who have their bodies and spirits irrevocably changed, their back turned on their true beliefs. Nevertheless, Kathy decides, “[A]ll will be saved. All will be saved. All will be saved” (619).

Chapters 8-9 Analysis

Chapter 8 chronicles James’s complete fall from innocence, the theme of The Harmful Effects of Patriarchal Norms in War reaching its apex through his actions. James’s participation in the rape and violent murder of a woman shows the hardening of his psyche, with James actually performing actions that Bill and Kinney believed impossible in previous sections of the novel. In an example of bleak irony, Bill’s statement that the Marines would never allow such brutality proves to be untrue.


James’s hardening is evident through the tone and vocabulary he uses while being questioned by Captain Galassi and Sergeant Lorin. When the captain tells James that people will be getting back to him for the murder of the woman, James coldly says, “I don’t think you’re gonna get back to me, because she was a whore, and this is a war. And that’s what happens” (521). James’s words are callous and devoid of empathy, while also drawing attention to the widespread violence the troops have inflicted. He is not the first person to commit war crimes, since crimes against humanity are the order of the day. Further, James knows that his superiors are more bothered about the rape and murder because such incidents tarnish the army’s reputation, more than the actual harm that was done to a local person. Through James’s responses, the narrative brings home the point that he is a monster whose behavior has been actively created and endorsed by the system. The fact that they are willing to pretend that his discharge is honorable to cover up the crime further reinforces the lack of true accountability for such serious crimes.


This section also shows how war continues to impact the psyche of the Houston brothers long after they are back from the field. In the US, both James and Bill struggle to reintegrate into society, with Bill losing himself in substance dependency, and James taking to crime. They also struggle to form meaningful relationships, Bill bailing on his wife after a mere two weeks, and James living apart from Stevie after their wedding. None of them choose to stay with May in the long term or help with Burris. Brothers in name, they proclaim that family should be the only thing that matters, yet remain isolated from each other, with James choosing to form a “brotherhood” with Patterson to rob banks.


If Chapter 8 serves as the dark resolution to the novel, Chapter 9 functions as a coda or a postscript. The timeline jumps a decade into the future, and the chapter largely follows Jimmy Storm, who features as a point-of-view character for the first time. Even Skip’s death is narrated through Jimmy’s perspective, heightening the absurd tone of the novel. While the death of a minor character like Fest was detailed from his point of view in the previous section, Skip’s end is described as a cursory aside by Jimmy: “Storm stayed in Kuala Lumpur long enough to get a tattoo and make sure Sands really did hang” (559). The very next sentence moves on from the hanging, describing Jimmy’s stay at the Bombay.


Skip’s missive to Kathy is an example of the novel’s important motif of letters, invoking The Search for Faith and Meaning in an Arbitrary World. In writing to Kathy, Skip tries to make sense of his own life and actions. Though the letter is tender and makes Kathy weep, she also thinks that Skip is playing a part once again, trying to redeem himself in his own eyes. The man she remembers is not the man described in the letter. Highlighting the gap between perception and reality, the letter is bittersweet. It underscores the centrality of love in giving life meaning, but also expresses the inability of most characters to find and communicate that love honestly and effectively.


After Skip’s end, Jimmy goes off on a meandering, surreal search for the colonel, his travels almost fabulist in their scope. Unable to find the holy grail that is the colonel, Jimmy trudges back to the village as an anti-knight, trying to seek glory by sacrificing his own soul instead of that of the boy. While Jimmy thinks his sacrifice is grand, yelling he is the “compensator,” his actions have a hint of farce about them because it is unclear if he is really dying. Though the narrative plants the suggestion that Jimmy will be immolated, the misdirection is soon resolved with Dr. Mahathir telling Jimmy that the ritual is purely symbolic. Thus, Jimmy’s unsuccessful quest to be a sacrificial figure like Carignan adds to the atmosphere of futility in this section. In keeping with the novel’s characteristic ambiguity, Jimmy’s euphoric, fevered final words leave it open to interpretation whether or not he has found closure or resolution.


The search for meaning is fully realized in Kathy’s closing section. Unlike the colonel, Jimmy, or Skip, Kathy has not spent years quoting great works of philosophy, literature, or espionage to find meaning. She has even temporarily given up on the Bible and the works of Calvin, finding meaning only in service. Kathy does not use grandiose words like the men of the novel or engage in showy dialogue. What she does is bear witness to reality and improve it to the best of her ability, even while knowing the world is too big for her to change by herself. Thus, Kathy emerges as the moral heart of the novel, the novel ending with her reconnecting with her faith, believing finally that despite all the horrors, humanity will be saved.

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