What Men Live By

Leo Tolstoy

28 pages 56-minute read

Leo Tolstoy

What Men Live By

Fiction | Short Story | Adult | Published in 1885

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Character List

Meet the key characters, with insights into their roles, motivations, and relationships—spoiler-free.

Major Characters

Simon is a poor rural shoemaker in late-Imperial Russia who works hard to provide for his family. Despite facing severe poverty and the frustrations of uncollected debts, he possesses a strong underlying conscience. He struggles with the practicalities of survival versus his innate generosity, ultimately deciding to help a freezing stranger he finds at a local shrine.

Key Relationships

Husband of Matryona

Employer and Rescuer of Michael

Hired by The Gentleman

Matryona is Simon’s wife and the pragmatic manager of their household resources. She oversees the distribution of food and clothing, a heavy burden given the family's precarious financial position. Though she is initially quick to anger when Simon returns home without coat materials and with an unexpected guest, her deep faith allows her heart to soften toward those in need.

Key Relationships

Wife of Simon

Host to Michael

Friend of The Neighbor

Michael is an unhoused stranger taken in by Simon and Matryona. Arriving with nothing and claiming only that God has punished him, he largely keeps his past a secret. He begins working as Simon's assistant in the shoemaking business, displaying quiet dedication, fast learning, and occasional moments of uncanny intuition about the people who visit the shop.

Key Relationships

Assistant to Simon

Guest of Matryona

Observer of The Gentleman

Fascinated by The Finely Dressed Woman

Supporting Characters

The gentleman is a wealthy, finely dressed lord who brings premium materials to Simon's shop. He is physically imposing, severe, and strictly focused on his own material needs. He expects his orders to be followed perfectly, threatening Simon with prison if the boots lose their shape.

Key Relationships

Customer of Simon

Master of The Servant

A well-off woman from a neighboring village who brings her two young charges to Simon's shop. She stepped in to care for the girls when they were left orphaned as infants. Despite having no blood relation to them, she raises the children with deep maternal love and devotion.

Key Relationships

Adoptive Mother of The Twin Girls

Customer of Simon

Two young sisters left orphaned shortly after their birth following a family tragedy. They are raised by a kind woman from their village and brought to Simon's shop to be fitted for new shoes.

Key Relationships

Adopted Daughters of The Finely Dressed Woman

An employee of the wealthy gentleman who travels with him to the shoemaker's hut. He handles the practical communications and errands between his master and the tradesmen they employ.

Key Relationships

Servant to The Gentleman

Messenger to Simon

A local merchant who sells materials for winter clothing in the village. He operates on strict business principles and refuses to sell goods to Simon on credit, prioritizing commerce over community charity.

Key Relationships

Merchant to Simon

A local resident living near Simon and Matryona. This person assists the struggling family by generously providing them with bread when their resources run completely dry.

Key Relationships

Neighbor of Matryona