A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Summaries & Analyses
Quizzes
Reading Tools
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of ableism, graphic violence, death, mental illness, physical abuse, and suicidal ideation and self-harm.
After an all-night march, Bagger returns to Company P with Arno and the angel hidden beneath a cape. Threading through the support camp, Bagger reads the unit’s demoralized condition as proof that Reis’s replacement has yet to arrive. Fellow soldiers greet Bagger and Arno with contempt, apparently convinced they survived Bois de Fays as cowards.
They arrive at a heavily guarded command dugout, where Bagger learns that General John J. Pershing, commander of the U.S. First Army, is inside. He hears Pershing’s enraged voice through the walls. When Pershing emerges and departs, Bagger decides to work through the proper chain of command rather than intercept him. He retrieves his red leather Bible, passes it to Arno for safekeeping, and is admitted to see Reis. Bagger feigns contempt to dismiss Arno and keep the boy safe, then descends alone.
Bagger finds Reis sitting alone in the dugout, a marked departure from his usual imperious posture. Reis greets him with slow contempt and delivers a bitter monologue about ingratitude toward men of vision, then lectures on what he labels the European Disease: a supposed pandemic of cowardice and tactical indecision that disadvantages the Allied troops. On the map table, Bagger notices elaborate wooden-block formations representing a grand plan Pershing clearly rejected. Reis confirms his replacement is coming, framing it as another injustice.
Sensing his window is closing, Bagger blurts that the screaming figure from Bois de Fays was not human. Reis orders him not to uncover the body and threatens to place him in a psychiatric hospital and give him a dishonorable discharge. Bagger ignores the threats and pulls back the angel’s hood. The dugout fills with her light, and Reis’s fury dissolves.
The angel’s radiance illuminates the dugout, revealing its cramped comforts: a real bed, wine, books, and an untouched dinner Pershing had refused. A hand-carved cuckoo clock ticks in the otherwise silent room as Reis stares. He asks what she is; Bagger answers: an angel. Reis touches his chest medals, fingers pausing over the empty space reserved for a Medal of Honor, and whispers the name “Minerva.” Bagger, ignorant of the reference, goes along with it.
Bagger lays the angel on the map table and recounts how she saved him and Arno from a mortar, raised the dead to stop Veck, and resurrected Arno. The word “resurrection” lands hardest. Reis sharpens, declaring that if she can do the impossible, the impossible is what he will demand. He tears open his uniform to expose his underdeveloped right arm and, weeping, begs Minerva to restore it. Bagger nods his assent. The angel closes her eyes, her light pulses, and Reis’s arm is grotesquely disassembled and rebuilt tissue by tissue.
Reis raises his new arm, flexes his fingers, and makes a fist for the first time in his life. His disbelief melts into gleeful laughter that unnerves Bagger. Reis lifts the angel, declares her the ultimate wonder weapon, and names her his Minerva. Bagger protests she is a healer who could end the war outright, but Reis talks over him. His plan: sabotage the approaching Allied victory, allow Germany to reverse the tide into years more of slaughter, then deploy Minerva to win single-handedly and claim the Medal of Honor. Bagger realizes that Minerva, the goddess of war, is the figure on the medal Reis obsesses over, and that the angel has become the literal object of his ambition.
Reis waltzes with the angel using his new arm, then kisses her hard; they collide and her fingernail nicks his palm. He sucks the blood and calls her “the Adversary,” a name that strikes Bagger as more truthful than any other. Reis dismisses Bagger curtly. Bagger salutes and climbs out, feeling hollowed.
At dawn, Bagger wakes to a surprise German artillery barrage. Motivated by the need to keep the angel from capture, he joins the rush to the front. Someone tosses him a Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) and genuine bloodlust rises in him for the first time; fellow soldiers welcome him, and for a brief moment he belongs. Just as Bagger plants himself at a firing position, Arno, who followed in spite of Bagger’s dismissal, yanks him off the ladder and hurls the BAR away, shouting that Bagger promised the angel he would never kill.
After a flash of rage, Bagger weeps and the two embrace in the trench water. Arno insists they must save the angel and tells Bagger something that lands as immediate truth: The angel never belonged to their group of five soldiers. Either she belongs to Bagger, or Bagger has always belonged to her. A second realization strikes Bagger: his Rochambeau victories against his former companions mirrored the eventual causes of their deaths. Goodspeed was cut down by shrapnel (scissors), Popkin was crushed beneath a wall (rock), and Veck was killed after encountering a written note (paper). The angel interpreted Bagger’s winning symbols as directives; Bagger has been their killer all along.
Arno guides Bagger back through the battle to Reis’s dugout. Bagger worries incessantly: He also beat Arno in Rochambeau but cannot recall which symbol, and without knowing the method of the boy’s foretold death, he cannot prevent it. They reach the heavily damaged dugout, descend past burning debris, and find the interior wrecked and empty. Panicking, Bagger tears apart what remains and smashes the cuckoo clock before Arno spots a wooden trunk. Bagger presses his ear to it and hears the angel pleading to be saved. They break the lock together and free her.
The reunion is cut short. Reis emerges and attacks Bagger with his gold-tipped walking stick, shattering fingers, tearing open his cheek, knocking out teeth, and destroying his left eye. Reis then turns on Arno, beating the boy while wrenching at the angel. Bagger finds Reis’s dropped Colt .45 on the floor. He levels it at the back of Reis’s skull but finds it difficult to act because of his vow. He screams to the angel for help. In response, a chorus of animal calls from across the world builds and converges into a single shriek.
Time freezes, bringing the chaos of the surrounding battle and the brawl in the dugout to a halt. The angel stands free behind Bagger, her bearing utterly transformed: composed, sharp, and powerful, every trace of prior meekness revealed as performance. She extends her hand; Bagger places his broken one in it. They ascend above the battlefield frozen into a vast, static scene of death, pass a frozen German triplane, and continue climbing into bitter cold until Bagger perceives an enormous, soft fold in the sky above. The angel carries him inside.
Bagger finds himself inside a perfect recreation of his father’s church. On the altar lies his red leather Bible; opening it, he finds a reproduction of the Raphael painting, the Solly Madonna, and recognizes the angel’s face in the image of the Virgin Mary. The angel has been a presence in Bagger’s life since childhood. Turning more pages, he discovers three bullet holes drilled through the back cover: the Bible stopped rounds that would have killed him fleeing across No Man’s Land. Bagger interprets this to mean that his father, who pressed the Bible into his hands at their final meeting, saved his life. Bagger weeps.
The angel asks what Bagger wants. Bagger answers that he only wanted to protect her the way his father protected him. He turns to find her enormous, holding a massive sword, the church walls dissolved into jungle. She dismisses the Angel of Mons as myth and states that God sides with no nation. Bagger demands she destroy humanity if war is inevitable; she asks how his father described the end. He answers automatically: a divine plague. He connects this to the spreading Spanish flu and wonders whether the angel’s original mission was to deliver that plague to end humankind, a mission he may have only delayed by rescuing her. He asks her to explain the reason behind her mission. She tells him she has been absent 60 thousand years and now has permission to show him the answer, warning that the revelation will haunt him forever, though she predicts that he will ask anyway. He does.
The angel carries Bagger to the Earth’s core, which houses a colossal infernal engine that processes the bodies of every person ever killed in war, reducing flesh to tar and forging it into bullets. Grief is the fuel, vengeance the output, and the cycle has been civilization’s engine from the beginning. Bagger witnesses a procession of future wars fought using new weapons, by new nations, producing tens of millions dead, each conflict feeding the same machine. Lifting above it all, he sees the Earth itself as a wounded giant, not immortal.
The vision implies the only way to break the cycle is deliberate self-sacrifice, inspiring others toward nonviolence, as his parents did. Bagger also understands that the angel’s prohibition against killing was not a condition imposed on him, but a description of what already exists. The angel returns him to the dugout.
Time resumes. Reis is mid-swing, seconds from killing a severely beaten Arno, who still grips the angel. Bagger weighs his options: Either he kill Reis and break his vow, or hold back and let the boy die. He chooses Arno and shoots Reis in the back of the head. As the dugout roof collapses, Bagger throws himself over Arno and the angel; the cave-in partially buries his legs, but they quickly dig free. The angel beckons to Arno, who takes her hand and follows her toward the ruined stairs, which Bagger believes will lead Arno to the death his Rochambeau victory foretold.
Unable to pursue with his broken hand, Bagger picks up the pistol and holds it to his own temple. He shouts to the angel that his vow only forbade taking others’ lives, not his own, and offers himself to balance the scales for killing Reis. Arno, registering what is happening, abandons the angel’s hand and sprints back to stop him. Bagger smiles at the boy with genuine love and pulls the trigger.
The gun fires but causes no new pain. Bagger’s remaining eye finds the bullet suspended an inch from his face; the angel has stopped it again. She plucks it from the air, holds it with careful tenderness, meets Bagger’s eye, touches his ruined cheek warmly, remarks that he is always full of surprises, and turns away. He understands the warmth is gone for good.
The angel walks out into the battle. Bagger and Arno chase her into No Man’s Land, surviving the crossfire through sheer momentum, until they find her kneeling in a shell crater. She buries the bullet in the clay with a gardener’s deliberate care. Watching, Bagger experiences a rushing vision: the Argonne forest regrows over decades, and a massive tree rises from the buried bullet. An elderly Bagger, who wears an eye patch and has been brought to the site by his future family, kneels at the trunk of the tree, lays a hand on the bark, and whispers that the angel was right about everything. However, the elderly Bagger regrets nothing. Bagger laughs, and the shamefly exits through the wound in his cheek and flies away.
The vision ends. The angel convulses, her skin hardening to scales, her spine splitting, enormous leathery wings unfolding, obsidian horns replacing her halo. The transformed being ascends into the sky and vanishes. Bagger stands in the crater holding Arno’s hand and a second, unseen hand, its grip calloused and arthritic, unmistakably reminiscent of his father. He waits to see if enough life remains in him to climb out and begin again. The novel ends with a long, looping series of “and”s that circles back to its opening line, in which Cyril Bagger considers himself lucky.
The narrative’s conclusion brings the theme of The Brutal Reality of War Versus Idealized Masculinity into sharp relief through the corruption of Major General Lyon Reis. The miracle of Reis’s healing is immediately juxtaposed against the opportunism he sees in using the angel to prolong the war. Ironically, instead of seeing the angel as a means to undo the damage that the Great War has caused, he looks to her as the paragon of war herself, calling her by the name Minerva. The revelation that Minerva is the goddess of war depicted on the medal Reis obsesses over demonstrates how his military ambition is inseparable from his religious devotion. He sees war as a religion, in which he can use the angel to turn himself into a high priest. By accelerating Reis’s sociopathy through the angel’s miracle, the text critiques the idealization of military leadership. Rather than prioritizing the safety of his men, Reis views their collateral damage as a mere backdrop for his Napoleonic ambitions, proving that traditional masculine ideals often function as a facade for narcissism.
Bagger’s epiphany regarding the game of Rochambeau and its connection to the deaths of the men he marched with during the angel’s rescue mission underscores the thematic danger of narrative imposition. For as much as Bagger has tried to avoid combat and the possibility of taking other people’s lives, he comes to realize that he has been a killer all along, inadvertently using his manipulative skills to seal the other soldiers’ fates. This becomes a comment on his cowardice, driving the idea of the deaths he might have caused by forcing other soldiers to take his place in the frontline before the novel began. Consequently, the angel operates as an amoral instrument literalizing Bagger’s subconscious desire to survive at the cost of other people’s lives. Bagger’s survival strategy of manipulation transforms a children’s game into a supernatural execution mechanism. This revelation reinforces the theme of The Power of Narrative to Shape Reality and Survival, highlighting how deception implicates the survivor in the systemic murder they seek to outrun. Bagger also realizes he beat Arno in Rochambeau and cannot recall which symbol he used, placing the burden of Arno’s future death on his conscience. The fact that neither Bagger nor Arno threw any definite symbols in the earlier chapter drives the ambiguity that surrounds this tension.
The novel’s climax solidifies the angel as a reflection of humanity’s innate violence. At first, while walking through a vision of his father’s church, Bagger recognizes the angel’s face from a Raphael painting, Solly Madonna. This pushes the initial idea that the angel has always been an extension of Bishop Bagger’s love for his son, resolving the tension between and allowing Cyril to move past the trauma of his father’s untimely death. However, this comforting Marian guise is quickly dismantled. At the very end of the novel, after she plants the bullet that nearly kills Bagger and instead becomes the tree that he returns to years later, the angel sheds her holy appearance. Though the novel never explicitly reveals the angel’s true nature, her new appearance resembles that of a Biblical demon, growing spiked bat wings, alligator scales, and obsidian horns. Rather than reveal the truth about the angel’s nature and her purpose for joining the battlefield, this metamorphosis physically manifests the corruption she has absorbed from the human world. Having been subjected to the greed and violence of the soldiers, she reflects the hellish environment back at them. Her departure deepens the theme of The Ambiguous Nature of Faith and Miracles, illustrating that in a profane environment that claimed 120,000 American casualties, faith can be easily weaponized to justify death on a mass scale.
The symbolic descent into the Earth’s core expands the narrative’s scope from a single battle to a condemnation of historical violence. Guided by the angel, Bagger witnesses an immense subterranean engine that continuously processes the tarred corpses of war dead into fresh ammunition, accompanied by wooden marionettes representing combatants in future conflicts. This infernal machinery literalizes the idea that warfare is the foundational engine of civilization. It is a cynical vision of humanity that suggests that people are incapable of achieving a peaceable coexistence with one another and thus can only relate to each other by way of mutually assured self-destruction. The novel’s period setting relies on the reader to recognize that the events of the narrative are merely a precursor for later events of mass violence, including the Second World War all the way to the wars of the present day. On the other hand, the vision implies the only way to break the cycle is deliberate self-sacrifice, inspiring others toward nonviolence, as Bagger’s parents did for him.
Bagger’s final actions can be contextualized within the paradigm that this symbolic world engine suggests. By trying to save Arno’s life and later trying to trade his own to balance out Reis’s murder, Bagger comes to reject the cynical survivalism he previously championed. Bagger’s willingness to sacrifice himself subverts the motif of The Son of Tarzan and the superficial models of heroism the dime novel represents. Throughout the text, tales like The Son of Tarzan present clear-cut adventure, an ideal Bagger initially mocks. Yet, in the dugout, Bagger abandons his performative cowardice, choosing instead to enact a genuine sacrifice motivated by paternal love. Kraus doubles down on this development by having the shamefly, a symbol for Bagger’s guilt, exit through the wound in his cheek and fly away. Bagger cannot stop the global machinery of war, but his personal choice reclaims a fragment of human agency. The novel thus ends with a challenge to Bagger, urging him to find the drive to reach the event foretold by the angel’s vision, a future in which he can look back at his choices and convince himself that he regrets nothing.



Unlock all 60 pages of this Study Guide
Get in-depth, chapter-by-chapter summaries and analysis from our literary experts.