63 pages • 2-hour read
Lalita TademyA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section includes depictions of racism and enslavement. Racist and outdated language also appears in the historical documents featured in the source text.
The economic Panic of 1837 and low prices per pound of cotton lead to Rosedew Plantation’s decline. Françoise relies on Elisabeth and Suzette, the latter of whom she now sees as having learned her place. Eugene Daurat handles most of Françoise’s paperwork, while overseers handle the day-to-day work. Françoise sells land to keep the plantation afloat, but her efforts fail. She agrees when an overseer tells her that she must sell all of Palmire’s children, and she is glad to do so because they are Louis’s children as well. Françoise arranges a marriage between Oreline and Ferrier, a poor farmer who never would have been an acceptable suitor during Rosedew’s heyday. More sales of enslaved people follow as an aging Françoise continues to struggle.
Suzette and the other enslaved people on Rosedew know that Françoise’s death will mean that they will all be sold and separated. In the living quarters for enslaved people, many people ask Suzette for news about Françoise, but she knows no more than they do. When Françoise finally dies, Suzette pleads with Oreline and Narcisse Fredieu, begging them to keep her family together rather than selling them individually, but these appeals are initially unsuccessful since neither can afford to do so. Suzette even goes to her godmother Doralise and asks her to persuade Eugene Daurat to buy his two children, but Doralise tells her that she does not have as much power over Eugene as Suzette believes.
Philomene, now nine, has what she calls “glimpsings”—visions of the future. She tells her grandmother that she has had two visions about Clement, her boyfriend. She is afraid to tell Suzette because Suzette is consumed with worry about the impending sale. Suzette doesn’t like Clement because he has brown skin, unlike Philomene’s “buttermilk” skin. Elisabeth gently corrects her, saying, “Philomene, sometimes Suzette gets beside herself over color. His brown doesn’t make him bad, and your yellow doesn’t make you good” (112). Elisabeth believes the visions mean that Philomene and Clement will be together, albeit with some of the troubles that come with enslavement.
She tells Philomene a story, explaining that before Elisabeth came to Rosedew, she had two boys that were conceived when her enslaver raped her. She says that she “became his thing when he wanted” (113). However, her enslaver sold her away from her children because his wife resented Elisabeth. Elisabeth encourages Philomene to find happiness with Clement and not to fear having children because “[f]amily stays family no matter where they are or who they are” (115).
With Françoise’s death, tax assessors comb the plantation to value it and the enslaved people on it. When the enslaved people group themselves by family during their valuation, the overseer and assessors reorganize them by oldest to youngest. The overseer describes each person by their skills and productivity. That night, Gerasíme tells Elisabeth despairingly that everyone on the plantation has “dollars on” them. Elisabeth reminds him that it was always so. They take comfort in the time they have shared together as family, and they agree that if they are separated, they will not remarry. They fall asleep in each other’s arms.
Auction day arrives. As executor, Eugene Daurat hires an auctioneer because he feels squeamish about performing this service himself. The attendees treat the auction as a necessary part of the system, occasionally seeing some sales—a mother kept with her child, an older woman purchased by someone she once nursed—as acts of generosity. Among these is the sale of Suzette, Philomene, and Palmire together to Oreline. When Eugene Daurat buys Gerant but not Philomene, she confronts him, identifying herself with her first name and his last name and predicting that everyone in his life will abandon him. The auction ends. Tademy includes a bill of sale listing each person sold by their name, price, and guarantee of fitness for labor. The bill of sale includes a paragraph that describes the sale of the land as well.
As Eugene leaves, he feels guilty but tells himself that he did the best he could for his enslaved children: He brought them gifts and visited when he could. He also reasons that the law only allows emancipation after the enslaved person turns 30 and leaves the state within in a year. He is unwilling to face the prospect of returning to France with his children. He comforts himself with the fact that Gerant will serve as his house servant now. Things are tense between Eugene and Doralise. He believes that he has sacrificed much to be with her; he signed over his property to prove his love and lost status with his white neighbors when they found out about the transfer. (Marriage between them is legally impossible.)
Suzette, Palmire, and Philomene move to Oreline and Ferrier’s small farm, where all the indoor work and field work falls to them. Suzette cannot reconcile herself to the separation from her family; she experiences deep depression. Gerasíme lives on a plantation four hours away; they only see him when plays his fiddle at nearby plantations. One Sunday, a reunion of sorts occurs when Suzette, Philomene, and Palmire get permission to visit Narcisse Fredieu’s farm, where Elisabeth now lives. Elisabeth braids Philomene’s hair, and the two talk. Philomene shares a glimpsing in which her entire family is together again and seated around a table, with Suzette on one end and Elisabeth on the other. In the vision, the table is replete with food that belongs to them.
Doralise brings Gerant to join the unofficial gathering, and this briefly lifts Suzette’s depression. However, she feels uneasy about the possessive way Narcisse looks at Philomene. Suzette worries about Philomene constantly, as the woman is bold and defiant and has even taking to calling Eugene Daurat “Papa.” Hoping to comfort her mother, Philomene shares her vision of the family sitting around the table. Suzette wants to believe in this vision, but when cholera kills Palmire, Suzette’s depression worsens. Philomene quietly takes over most of Suzette’s duties. Suzette has run out of hope—the “future was too heavy for her to carry. It was up to Philomene now” (145).
Tademy explores The Failure of Emancipation to Guarantee True Freedom through her development of Doralise’s character arc and her representation of the auction. On the face of things, Doralise is a woman whose life stands in contrast to that of the enslaved people of Rosedew Plantation. Suzette sees Doralise as having more agency than any other woman she knows, but Doralise, despite her status as a free woman of color, constantly encounters constraints to her freedom. For example, she chafes at her inability to protect Palmire from Louis Derbanne, and she fails to convince Eugene Daurat to keep Elisabeth’s family together. Additionally, she cannot protect herself from abuse without the intervention of Eugene, and her experience proves that being “free” as a Black woman in this era is fraught with danger despite the letter of the law.
Yet as difficult as Doralise’s life is, the enslaved people of Rosedew encounter injustices even more dire, as demonstrated by the dynamics of the auction. In this scene, Tademy dramatizes the dehumanization of enslaved people by envisioning the details of the callous assessments that they are forced to undergo. For example, although the enslaved people of Rosedew organize themselves into family groups, hoping to remain together, the assessors reorganize them in a way that reflects each individual’s ability to work. This restructuring makes it clear that elements such as the enslaved people’s family and community are secondary considerations in a society that only values enslaved people as laboring bodies. The inherent cruelty of this social order is also demonstrated when Elisabeth and Gerasíme despair over the thought of being sold to separate places and agree never to remarry in the event of their separation.
Tademy also captures the dehumanizing effect of enslavement by including a facsimile of a key historical document: the actual bill of sale. This inclusion serves as irrefutable documentation of the fact that enslaved people were treated as chattel—movable, personal property. Notably, the description of the land sold is placed right alongside the list of people sold, and this juxtaposition exhibits the casual cruelty of a society in which the concept of enslavement was fully accepted as normal and legal. As a symbol, the bill of sale represents the enslaved people’s utter lack of agency. It is also ironic that this documentation of dehumanization is the sole piece of evidence that later allows a descendent of Elisabeth’s line (Tademy) to recover the lives of her ancestors as something more than a series of financial transactions.
Another convention of narratives surrounding enslavement is to depict the fact that the very participation in enslavement degrades the moral reasoning of those who benefit from it. To this end, Tademy devotes Chapter 9 to Eugene’s perspective in order to provide insight into the mind of an enslaver who sees himself as “kind.” Notably, Eugene feels too guilty to run the auction himself, but these feelings do not compel him to emancipate his children by buying and then freeing them. Instead, he leaves one of his children enslaved and buys another of his children to serve him in his house. He rationalizes his failure to defend his children by noting the laws that limit the residence of emancipated people in Louisiana. He also considers it impractical to buy his children and take them to France, as the presence of such children there would inconvenience him. He also gives no thought to Suzette, and this omission shows the continuing impact of Sexual Coercion as a Tool of Racialized Violence.
The people who attend the auction and place bids further illustrate the fundamental flaws of a society built upon enslavement, for they are so enmeshed in this unjust economy that they cannot even perceive the moral bankruptcy involved in their willingness to buy and sell enslaved people. They are unable to realize that the so-called “kindness” of keeping a mother and child together is no kindness at all given the fundamental injustice of a society built on dehumanizing a specific segment of humanity. As the white characters applaud one another for acts of cruelty that they see as acts as mercy and kindness, Tademy implicitly indicts the bidders’ misguided notion that their choices at the auction are somehow evidence of their good character. This chapter thus uses irony to expose the self-serving nature of people who participate in an economy built on enslavement.
There is also irony in Eugene’s worry over his tensions with Doralise and the poor opinions of his neighbors, for his concerns pale in comparison to the true disaster that the auction represents for the enslaved people of Rosedew. As executor, Eugene is responsible for making sure that the mechanisms of enslavement keep functioning. Yet despite the enormity of what he has done, he prioritizes his own selfish worries over his social standing. His sense of himself as an aggrieved man who cannot run the auction, save Philomene, or marry Doralise allows him to ignore his own role in maintaining—and worsening—the oppression of enslaved people. In the end, Tademy’s description of the people who attend the auction shows that for all of his self-styed “kindness,” Eugene is no aberration in a system that runs on selfishness and cruelty.



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