Cane River

Lalita Tademy

63 pages 2-hour read

Lalita Tademy

Cane River

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2001

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Part 2, Chapters 21-30Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide and the novel contain depictions of child sexual assault, enslavement, pregnancy loss, physical abuse of women, and direct quotes of racist and outdated language from the source text.

Part 2: “Philomene”

Part 2, Chapter 21 Summary

Gerasíme’s funeral takes place nine days after Emily’s birth. Philomene’s entire family and the community attend. The racially diverse crowd is unusual, given the tensions between Black people and white people since the war began. The crowd, especially the free people of color and the many generations of Elisabeth’s family, also shows the impact of white heritage. Emily, Philomene’s new baby, has light skin and light blond hair, while Philomene’s sibling and uncles also show a blend of Black and white heritage.


There is idle chatter as everyone gathers. One enslaved man has escaped his enslavers, and Philomene complains that Oreline is not attending the funeral. One enslaved person bears the marks of a beating that a white person gave him because he did not jump out the road quickly enough as the white person’s wagon approached. The service begins. When it is her chance to drop soil on Gerasíme’s grave, Philomene wishes for her daughter to have a life beyond mere survival.

Part 2, Chapter 22 Summary

As the war drags on, Union blockades make it impossible to sell cotton, leading to an economic downturn. The residents and soldiers of Cane River realize that the war will not end as quickly as they assumed; letters from the front lines reveal the terrible conditions that the soldiers endure. People openly say they are sick of the war. The enslaved people of Cane River respond to the war with work slow-downs and by running away. Narcisse fears that he will have to leave Emily and Philomene if he is conscripted, but he buys his way out of fighting by using a loophole designed for enslavers.

Part 2, Chapter 23 Summary

Bowing to public pressure, Narcisse finally enlists, leaving the women in his extended family to move to Oreline and Houbre’s isolated farm. Philomene works the fields of food crops, and Oreline takes care of house chores. Working outdoors leaves Philomene darker-skinned and scarred, and she wonders if Narcisse will still be attracted to her when he returns. As the war continues, both families, Black and white, eat at the table together; all of the children, regardless of race, handle the chores. Philomene discovers that she is pregnant.


One day, Confederate soldiers come and burn all the cotton and the barn to prevent Union soldiers from taking it. A mule kicks Philomene in the stomach as she removes the animal from the barn, leading to a miscarriage. Union soldiers burn several plantation houses.

Part 2, Chapter 24 Summary

Emancipation arrives. Oreline believes that she has been kind to Philomene, and she therefore holds that Philomene should work for her on her farm as a sharecropper. Philomene tells Oreline that a mule cannot be grateful for not having been beaten; she angrily criticizes Oreline for letting Narcisse sell Clement. However, Philomene tempers her responses when she remembers that a white woman like Oreline still has the power to harm her. She leaves.


Narcisse returns and recovers some of his wealth with cotton that he hid during the war. He is still besotted with Philomene and is excited about the potential for more children. He moves Philomene to a cabin on another farm, which a man named Richard Grant owns. After Narcisse refuses to give her land, Philomene becomes a sharecropper for Grant. Her family, including Gerant, joins her there. However, Narcisse still dominates Philomene’s life: He won’t let anyone teach Emily to read.


Philomene gives Narcisse another false glimpsing that shows her in a grander home, but she worries about the strength of her hold on him, given the physical harm that the war years did to her body. She wonders about Clement because “[s]he had been living as if man-woman love were dead, substituting man-woman practicality, and she wasn’t sure what would happen if Clement found her now, hard and used” (286). Still, Philomene holds on to the glimpsing of her whole family seated at one table.

Part 2, Chapter 25 Summary

Yellow John, one of Elisabeth’s lost sons from the Virginia plantation where Elisabeth lived before, finds Elisabeth. For Elisabeth’s part, “[i]nstead of the joy of reunion, she felt the theft of the past years that had taken so much from both of them” (294). Yellow John tells her that Clement was on the same plantation, but he died before he could self-emancipate or be freed by the Emancipation Proclamation. He died of a water moccasin bite that he got while crossing water: a demise that fulfills Philomene’s prophecy. Elisabeth dreads sharing the news because Philomene has become the head of the family and makes important decisions. However, Philomene is unemotional. She merely remarks that Clement’s death let him avoid learning about the deaths of his children and her relationship with Narcisse.

Part 2, Chapter 26 Summary

Elisabeth dubs herself a Jackson to mark her freedom and encourages the other women in her family to assume the name as well. Suzette meets her old love Nicolas at one of Doralise’s parties—rare events where people who were free before the war mingle with people who have been freed by the war. Initially, she doesn’t tell the family about meeting Nicolas, as she enjoys having something of her own for once. The two eventually marry. Suzette refuses to move to Richard Grant’s place with Philomene and the others, and she thinks that Philomene’s dream of sharecropping and earning enough money to buy land is unrealistic. Philomene is shocked when her mother marries. She asks her mother if she ever really loved Eugene Daurat. Suzette tells her that she did not love him, explaining, “Eugene Daurat and me, there was no choice. Love is pull. That was all push” (307). Philomene is even more shocked when Suzette tells her that others in her family and in the community are marrying because such relationships can now be recognized by law. She suggests that Philomene consider that option for herself.

Part 2, Chapter 27 Summary

Philomene focuses on securing her children’s future. She prevents Emily from playing in the sun because she fears that it will darken the girl’s skin. She wants Emily (and her brother Eugene, another child fathered by Narcisse) to keep their skin light enough that they can pass for white. Elisabeth warns Philomene that her colorism is dangerous and destroys families. Philomene knows that this is true, since her children will only be able to pass if her olive skin isn’t there to give away their Black heritage. Philomene does value other things about her daughter, who has an eye for color and beauty and a strong personality. The girl has also gained the ability to read despite Narcisse’s prohibition. Meanwhile, Narcisse begins having sex with other women, including white ones, and he is also less generous with money. Philomene gives him a false glimpsing, claiming that he will never be able to have children except with her. He is a little skeptical but ultimately believes her. Narcisse unilaterally decides to send Emily away to be educated at a convent school in New Orleans.

Part 2, Chapter 28 Summary

Narcisse takes Emily to New Orleans and installs her at the school. He feels miserable about the separation, but he entrusts her to his good friend Joseph Billes, an enterprising French immigrant. The two men enjoy visiting each other. Joseph charms Emily during their first meeting. Narcisse’s stories about Cane River enchant him. As Emily’s year winds down, Narcisse has financial difficulties. He creates a marginally legal money-making scheme and asks Joseph to invest with him, and Joseph gladly agrees to come to Cane River. Narcisse has a portrait of Emily painted to capture her appearance in the time between childhood and adulthood.

Part 2, Chapter 29 Summary

Joseph builds a store on land that he names Billes Landing. He visits Emily and her family often. Emily is only 14, and the women strictly chaperone Emily because her love for Joseph is obvious. They want no more child mothers in the family now that they are free. When Emily is 16, Joseph and Emily begin meeting secretly in the woods, and Emily gets pregnant with a girl whom she names Angelite. Marriage is impossible because of societal pressure and law, but Joseph talks openly of building a life with Emily and Angelite. The people of Cane River gossip about the couple, calling their liaison unnatural.

Part 2, Chapter 30 Summary

Narcisse sleeps with different white women, and when one of them has a baby girl, he realizes that Philomene’s glimpsing was false, so he ends his relationship with Philomene. She insists that he provide for his children, but he tells her that anything he gave them was out of generosity, considering their race. When Philomene tells him that she is pregnant again, he punches her and taunts her by telling her that Bet is still alive and is on a nearby farm. While everyone on Oreline’s farm had yellow fever, he took Bet away to someone who could care for her and never retrieved her.


His rage subsides, and Narcisse slumps into the moonlight chair. He offers to give a tract of 163 acres to their children. Philomene tells Narcisse to get out of her chair, and after he leaves, she calms down and reflects that she has always wanted land. She later has Narcisse sign over the land, and her entire extended family—Bet included—moves there. Her vision of her entire family at one table comes true.

Part 2, Chapters 21-30 Analysis

In this section, Tademy focuses on the war years and the immediate aftermath in order to examine The Failure of Emancipation to Guarantee True Freedom. During the war, the boundaries of race and class seemingly break down. Everyone contributes to the work on Oreline’s farm, and everyone eats at the same table, important since tables are sites of connection and family in the novel. A measured form of freedom arises from the fact that everyone works together for survival and no one is proof against the actions of the Union and Confederate soldiers. However, that freedom is tempered by the uneven division of labor, for as Philomene works outside while Oreline remains in the house, this pattern replicates arrangements that existed before the war.


When Philomene declares to Oreline that she will no longer live and work on the farm, she exercises her right to true freedom for the first time. Despite the legal status of being free, however, Philomene is painfully aware that her interactions with Oreline reflect the lack of any real change in the power dynamics between Black people and white people. Philomene has to make herself amenable to Oreline in the end because she knows that if Oreline’s will is thwarted, Oreline may inflict yet more harm upon Philomene’s family. Even Philomene’s livelihood echoes her former status as an enslaved person, for she is initially sharecropping—still doing work that most benefits a white person—despite her freedom. However, when it is time to secure her children’s future, Philomene boldly asserts her rights as a free woman. Before the war, she is forbidden from teaching Emily to read, and she has no choice but to accept Narcisse’s unilateral decision to send Emily to the convent school and leave her in the hands of an older man. After the war, Philomene finally has more control over her children’s lives.


Yet what Philomene does with that freedom shows that some things have not changed despite Emancipation. Specifically, Philomene still fails to realize The Problematic Nature of Colorism. She prevents Emily from playing in the sun because she wants Emily to preserve the lighter skin tone that makes her indistinguishable from a white person, believing that this currency will create a better future for her daughter. If her daughter and her brother can pass for white, they will lead a life that is not available to Philomene or the other women of Elisabeth’s line. In this endeavor, Philomene still proves willing to pay the cost—the destruction of family that Elisabeth warns her about—because she knows that the post-war United States still unfairly values white heritage over Black heritage. For the same reasons, she also feels that Emily’s eventual relationship with Joseph Billes is better kept quiet.


However, when Narcisse realizes that Philomene has been lying to him about her visions, the resulting confrontation reveals the limits of “bleaching the line” (382). Narcisse repudiates his children and his responsibility for them simply because they have Black heritage, and only by leveraging his remorse over his violence—an assertion of white, masculine power—does Philomene find a way to force him to fulfill his responsibilities. Even then, his capitulation does not arise from any real sense of obligation to his nominally Black children. Philomene receives the land and inheritance she always wanted for her children, but she must endure one last confrontation with Narcisse’s power over her. Her assertion of her own power comes when she ejects Narcisse from her moonlight chair and refuses to be bound any longer by the wishes of a white man.


These chapters ultimately reveal that once enslavement has ended, the power dynamics between Black people and white people only change in degree. White men still have power over Black women, and men still dominate women in general. Philomene still has to carefully manage her relationships with Narcisse and Oreline to keep harm and physical violence from disrupting her family. In the end, her belief in “bleaching of the line” (382) is still not enough to ensure that Emily has a life free of constraints by law and social pressure. Emily is still a child bride who became pregnant outside of marriage: something that the women of her family sought to avoid. In subsequent chapters, the inadequacy of all these strategies becomes clear in the context of the Post-Reconstruction South.

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