Cane River

Lalita Tademy

63 pages 2-hour read

Lalita Tademy

Cane River

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2001

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Part 2, Chapters 11-20Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This guide and the novel contain depictions of child death, sexual assault, and enslavement. The source text also features historical documents that employ racist and outdated language.

Part 2: “Philomene”

Part 2, Chapter 11 Summary

Philomene, newly pregnant with Clement’s child, is excited about their coming marriage, but Narcisse’s habit of constantly watching her during his visits to Oreline spoil her joy. Narcisse corners Philomene and threatens to stop her marriage to Clement, suggesting that he will be her protector if she gives herself to him. Knowing that Narcisse is afraid of her ability to see the future, she stops him by declaring that she had a vision of her life with Clement. Observation has taught Philomene that white men’s apparent kindness and flirtation is always a prelude to sexualized violence. She therefore invokes Ferrier and Eugene’s names to try to scare Narcisse away, but he remains undeterred.


Philomene later asks Suzette if she holds any grudge against Eugene Daurat for what he did to her. The question is initially offensive to Suzette. She tells Philomene that her bold talk will lead to trouble one day. Philomene asks how to avoid being raped by Narcisse, but Suzette tells her daughter that she is the wrong person to ask for advice. They also discuss Doralise, who still owns the property and house that Eugene gave her in order to secure a relationship with her, although the two have now separated under the pressure of disapproval from the white members of the community.

Part 2, Chapter 12 Summary

Clement’s enslaver, Tessier, has tanned bear skins that Clement must now deliver to Narcisse’s plantation. Clement takes time during the errand to visit Philomene, who leaves her job of watching Oreline’s child in order to talk to him. She tells Clement that she has had a “glimpsing” of him lying dead by a river; she asks him to avoid the river for now. The two share an intimate moment on the bear skins.


When Philomene and Clement’s wedding day arrives, Oreline dresses Philomene. Suzette tells Philomene that she must be the one to improve their family’s fortunes. When the ceremony begins, Philomene realizes that a glimpsing she had several years ago was of this moment. A priest performs the ceremony, and the usual vows are made—with a few exceptions. The priest tells them to be with each other and care for one another insomuch as their status as enslaved people and their proximity to one another allow. The ceremony also states that part of the duty of the marriage is for the participants to be good servants to their respective enslavers. In the spring, Philomene has twins and names them Bet and Thany after their grandmothers. Suzette is proud that the next generation of the family has arrived. She now sees Clement as family.

Part 2, Chapter 13 Summary

Clement spends his spare time crafting a rocking chair for Philomene. It is dubbed “the moonlight chair” because he only works on it at night. He gets permission from Tessier to deliver the finished chair to Philomene as he transports bear skins to Narcisse via dugout canoe. A storm is brewing when Clement leaves, and Tessier tells Clement to protect the skins and his own life at all costs because the skins are very expensive goods. The canoe leaks, and in the midst of a powerful storm, Clement is forced overboard. Given the choice between saving the bear skins and saving the moonlight chair, Clement chooses the chair, clinging to it as the river rushes by. He reaches the shore with a gash on his face and a numb leg. He believes that Philomene saw his near-drowning in her glimpsing. He takes the ferry to Narcisse’s plantation, where Narcisse expresses anger over the lost skins and questions Clement’s choice to save the chair. However, Narcisse suddenly relents, and Clement senses that there is something sly behind Narcisse’s change in mood. Narcisse tells him to spend the night at Ferrier and Oreline’s farm.

Part 2, Chapter 14 Summary

Clement arrives at the Ferrier farm, covered in mud and shivering, and gives Philomene the chair. Suzette and Philomene instantly recognize the danger in Narcisse’s apparent kindness, realizing that only another white man can protect Clement from whatever Narcisse has planned. Suzette and Philomene convince Oreline to get her husband, Ferrier, to take Clement to Tessier, his enslaver. They leave Clement covered in mud and with his wounds untreated to garner more sympathy from Tessier. Ferrier heads to Tessier’s farm with Clement sitting in the back of his wagon.

Part 2, Chapter 15 Summary

Narcisse, who arrives at Tessier’s farm before Clement and Ferrier, downplays Clement’s injuries and suggests that Tessier sell Clement to him or loan him out in order to make up for the lost skins. Tessier is noncommittal and explains that Ferrier has also made a bid for Clement. Tessier is fond of Clement and sees him as a good worker. Just then, Ferrier and Clement arrive, and Clement’s injuries are worse than Narcisse claimed. Ferrier makes an offer for Clement, noting that it would be better for Philomene and Clement to live in the same place. Narcisse argues that he has a greater claim because of the lost skins. Tessier becomes suspicious of Narcisse because of Narcisse’s interest in keeping Clement from going to Ferrier. Narcisse loses his leverage when people arrive and present the lightly damaged skins. Tessier later sells Clement to Ferrier.

Part 2, Chapter 16 Summary

For a time, Philomene is mostly content. She thinks that her glimpsing of all her family together has come true with her children—as well as Clement, Palmire, and Suzette—in the same place. The work is hard and monotonous, but Ferrier doesn’t beat them. However, Philomene has a sense of foreboding as she sits in the moonlight chair, which has a squeak that strikes a discordant note.

Part 2, Chapter 17 Summary

Disaster comes when Joseph Ferrier dies of yellow fever. Oreline discovers that Ferrier was only his mother-in-law’s tenant and has substantial debts. Oreline’s mother-in-law gives Oreline three months to move, and Narcisse begins managing Oreline’s affairs. He sells Clement to a plantation in Virginia and does not give Philomene the chance to say goodbye. Philomene ceases speaking, but she takes over much of the work on the farm without complaint. She retreats into the same daze that she has sometimes seen overtaking Suzette ever since the auction scattered her family. Oreline allows Philomene and her children to stay together but sells Suzette. Narcisse arranges a quick marriage for Oreline to Valery Houbre, a man whose home is some distance from the Ferrier farm.

Part 2, Chapter 18 Summary

Philomene contracts yellow fever. During her delirium, she sees Clement coming down a river in a yellow boat. He puts Thany in the boat, but Bet isn’t there. When her fever breaks, she discovers that both of her babies have died of yellow fever. Everyone on Ferrier’s farm had the disease, leaving Narcisse to care for them and to bury the twins in a single plot. Philomene recovers slowly. She still won’t speak. During a visit, Suzette tries to comfort her, saying that Philomene was lucky to have had time with Clement and the babies, as these are rare experiences for an enslaved woman. When Philomene has partially recuperated, she visits Elisabeth, who comforts Philomene and tells her that she still believes in the truth of Philomene’s glimpsing of the whole family together once again. She braids Philomene’s hair.


In practical terms, moving to Houbre’s farm with Oreline will bring Philomene closer to Suzette and to Gerant, the brother she left behind when Rosedew was sold. However, the move to Houbre’s place after Oreline’s marriage brings her no comfort as she thinks about all the people who have disappeared from her life. No glimpsings come to her.

Part 2, Chapter 19 Summary

Eugene Daurat announces that he is returning to France; his absence will rob Philomene of the little protection she has against sexual assault. Eugene sells Gerant before leaving. Narcisse comes to Philomene one Sunday and speaks to her as if he is concerned about her, then mentions all the good he could do for her family. Philomene understands that he is threatening harm to her family if she refuses to yield to his sexual advances. He is still cautious because he believes in her glimpsings, and Philomene recognizes that his fear of the glimpsings and his desire for her constitute “a shield, however thin,” so she decides “to use his lust to her advantage” (226).


Philomene ends her silence by telling Elisabeth that she plans to use Narcisse’s lust as a tool to protect her family. She will lie about the substance of the glimpsing in order to get what she wants: her freedom and the freedom of the children who will surely come. Elisabeth tells her that this plan is dangerous, but Philomene proceeds anyway. She tells Narcisse that she had a vision of living in her own cabin when the persimmons bloom. He builds her a cabin on Houbre and Oreline’s farm and waits until the persimmons come in bloom before going to her. Philomene believes that she “had found at last a useful direction for her bitterness” (221).

Part 2, Chapter 20 Summary

It is 1861. Lincoln is president and civil war is coming between the South and North. Narcisse stays behind as volunteers leave by steamship to muster in New Orleans to fight for the Confederacy. Philomene is pregnant and gives Narcisse a glimpsing that the baby will be a girl who will grow up to be a great lady. Narcisse is excited because none of his wives (he has married a second after the death of his first) have been able to have children. Oreline’s husband tells Narcisse to be discreet about his relationship with Philomene, as society disapproves of overt relationships between Black people and white people. Narcisse refuses to listen. Philomene gives birth on the day the volunteer Confederates leave. She names the baby Emily Fredieu. Her grandfather dies the same day, and with her sway over Narcisse, Philomene is able to have her wish to delay Gerasíme’s funeral until she recuperates. Narcisse’s niece and Oreline’s husband serve as godparents at Emily’s baptism. The chapter includes a facsimile of the parish record of the baptism.

Part 2, Chapters 11-20 Analysis

Tademy focuses this opening section on Philomene in order to develop the theme of Sexual Coercion as a Tool of Racialized Power. Philomene understands the logic of this power and uses it to further her own ends, for whereas Suzette had no choices about how she would be exploited, Philomene has some agency in when and how that exploitation will take place. Narcisse’s fear of her glimpsings gives her the space to think strategically, and she shrewdly manipulates his desire for her. However, this hard-won agency is a matter of degree, and Philomene understands that Narcisse’s power to damage her family—as shown in his willingness to sell Clement—represent his leverage over her. For this reason, she understands that Narcisse’s desire is no more than a “thin shield” against greater misfortune for her family. Tademy employs the traditional literary element of foreshadowing by having Elisabeth, a source of wisdom, warn Philomene of the recklessness of her strategy, given that the power differential between Philomene and Narcisse is inescapable.


The upheaval that comes with Ferrier’s death illustrates that for enslaved people, even the most crucial plans are contingent upon the transient goodwill of their enslavers. Once again, a white man with power over enslaved women is in charge of the estate, and the scattering of Philomene’s family happens all over again. While Ferrier lived, acting as a “kind” enslaver who honored family relationships and refrained from beating the enslaved people on his farm, Philomene, Suzette, and the children had the best life they could hope for, one that granted them some mobility. However, Ferrier’s death proves that this situation was merely an illusion of freedom that does nothing to guarantee their long-term safety or autonomy.


Tademy also uses pointed symbolism to expand upon The Power of Family Connections. With the creation of the moonlight chair, Clement uses the freedom of his meager spare time to build something beautiful for the woman he loves. Later, when he chooses to save the chair over the bear skins, he consciously values his own connection to Philomene over the practical necessity of protecting his enslaver’s property. Such choices are soul-saving in the world of an enslaved person, a point that Tademy firmly underlines by portraying the chair itself as the vessel that saves Clement’s life. His choice only goes so far, however, for the very fact that Tessier has told Clement to protect his own life and the bear skins suggests that he equates Clement with the bear skins, seeing both as his valuable property. In other words; the chair that represents the heart and soul of Clement’s deepest relationship is negligible in Tessier’s eyes. When Narcisse sells Clement, the true dynamics of power between white people and enslaved Black people become clear once again, for the smallest spaces of freedom that enslaved Black people carve out are always vulnerable to destruction if they ever become visible to their enslavers.


Philomene also tries to carve out such spaces for herself with her glimpsings. Up until now, she has only used her gift to bring comfort to her wounded family and herself; her glimpsings aren’t subject to the domination of white people. However, when she needs to manage Narcisse’s lust, she turns the glimpsings into an indirect source of power that leverages Narcisse’s superstitious fear. Again, however that leverage only goes so far. She may be able to convince Narcisse to wait until the persimmons bloom before he makes her his, but she accepts the inevitability that she will have to yield to his sexual advances and abuse. In subsequent chapters, even her glimpsings lose their power to protect her, and Philomene is left to use her silence as her only remaining form of resistance to power. However, her silence arises from her genuine grief over the destruction of her family, and she does not speak again until she is ready to assume greater control over what is happening to her family.


Ultimately, these chapters reveal that the spaces of freedom the enslaved characters carve out never truly make them free, for the overarching system of racialized power can always destroy them. Narcisse sells Clement, and Ferrier dies and leaves the family members vulnerable to another white man’s whim to break them apart again. As Philomene’s arc reveals, acting strategically can stave off the worst effects of this system, but no amount of strategy can break the system or allow her to protect those she loves from harm.

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