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Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of child abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse.
On February 10, 2019, Demick boarded a flight to Shanghai at JFK with Marsha, Sam, Esther, and Victoria. Among predominantly Chinese passengers, an airline agent addressed Esther and Victoria in Mandarin before correcting himself—the first of many such moments. The prior week, while staying with Demick in New York, they had been briefed by a Chinese adoptee on the conflicting emotions of returning to China.
The morning after landing at Shanghai Pudong Airport in Changsha, the group was joined by a photographer and interpreter. As they drove into the countryside, Esther and Victoria watched movies on an iPad to ease their anxiety. After stops in the congested township of Gaoping, they ascended muddy mountain roads.
When the GPS failed, Demick spotted Shuangjie standing alone in the road in a black parka and pink boots. She peered through the van window toward Esther’s seat and signaled the driver to stop. Esther stepped out; Shuangjie lightly touched her arm and softly said her name. They stood side by side for the photographer without speaking or embracing. Shuangjie led everyone to her home and introduced oldest sister Ping, second sister Yan, and teenage brother Jialiang. Youdong watched quietly from the doorway while Zanhua remained in the kitchen until she had served a full meal, greeting Esther by urging her to eat before it got cold.
Esther broke the tension with polite small talk. The twins eventually exchanged matching smiles for the camera. Their most notable physical difference was height: Shuangjie was nearly three inches taller, possibly because of Esther’s six months in an orphanage. Shuangjie said it was like seeing herself in a mirror.
The Americans returned to the Zeng home each day for the rest of the week. Marsha and Victoria learned to use chopsticks; the Zengs listened respectfully to Marsha’s pre-meal prayers without joining in. Conversation quickly moved from pleasantries to the substance of the visit.
Marsha delivered a speech she had rehearsed for nearly a decade, stating she would not have adopted Esther had she known the child was stolen. Youdong deflected blame to the government and expressed gratitude for how Marsha raised Esther. Their exchange carried the stiff, calibrated quality of a diplomatic summit, but tensions surfaced. Youdong could not understand why an older couple would adopt and implied Sam should have been able to block the decision—an assumption the Fredericks found offensive. More pointedly, Youdong asked how much the adoption cost, using the Chinese words for “buy” and “sell” (214). Marsha calmly explained that her family sold their house to afford the $25,000 total, most of which was channeled to the government’s official adoption agency. Youdong then addressed Esther directly, apologizing for his failure to find her.
Physical warmth gradually replaced formality: Yan warmed Esther’s hand near the brazier under the table, and Shuangjie braided Esther’s hair. Marsha presented a photo album of Esther’s American childhood. The Zeng family gave a tour of their large, unfinished brick house. Demick wondered whether signs of recent prosperity like new furniture and a new car might mean the Zengs had a greater net worth than the Fredericks.
An elaborate ancestral shrine covering one wall prompted discussion of the family’s history as rice farmers for hundreds of years. Youdong and Zanhua recounted impoverished childhoods and their matchmaker-arranged courtship. The sisters praised their parents’ stable, gentle relationship and insisted boys and girls were raised equally—though the 93-year-old paternal grandfather, arriving near the end of a visit, declared that having a son was the mandatory “traditional way” (220). Adding to this, in a private conversation with Demick, Shuangjie questioned why her brother was intended to inherit the family home instead of one of the older sisters.
The entire group traveled by minivan to the home of Esther’s uncle, Yuan Guoxiong, known locally as “the pigeon house” for its hundreds of stacked pigeon coops—a side business for the family. The visit carried particular weight: Guoxiong served as Esther’s guardian while she was in hiding for the first two years of her life, gave her the name Fang, and registered her under his surname, Yuan, making him her de facto father.
Guoxiong greeted them with visible skepticism, as if doubting Esther’s identity. Only after he had lifted her hair and found the small identifying bump on her left ear was he reassured. Then, he welcomed her home after 16 years. His grown sons, who had seen Esther as a sister, greeted her briefly before retreating shyly.
Guoxiong’s wife and Esther’s de facto foster mother, Xiuhua, took command of the gathering. She described Esther’s precocious development and enthusiastic appetite before turning to the abduction. She showed the back staircase from which her sons once escaped with Esther to evade Family Planning officials, then reenacted the day in June 2002 when officials stormed the front door and physically restrained her while Esther was wrenched away. Yan, four at the time, recalled running down the street screaming. Most family members teared up; Esther listened without crying. The central message the family most wanted to convey was that Esther had not been abandoned—she was loved and had been forcibly removed.
Afterward, Zanhua led the group on a short walk to the bamboo grove where she had given birth in secret, pointing to the spot where the shed had once stood. The visit closed with multigenerational family photographs.
Demick states that the “heritage tour is a rite of passage for young Chinese adoptees” (227), typically culminating at the location where a child was officially documented as found, sites many treat as sacred ground. For Esther, that address—the bamboo arts factory in Shaoyang listed in her adoption papers—was a fabrication. Esther declined to see it.
The Shaoyang orphanage was more relevant: Esther had spent her final six months in China there. Marsha had been denied access during the adoption, so the group decided to attempt an unannounced visit. The Shaoyang Social Welfare Institute resembled a fortified compound from the outside, but guards admitted the van after spotting its white passengers. The grounds held a manicured park and an empty new playground; the children—mostly preschoolers with disabilities—were in a building with barred windows.
When the group sought permission to tour, a young administrator angrily confronted them, insisting no one had arrived unannounced in his eight years there. Marsha apologized in a friendly, self-effacing way, posing as a clueless tourist. The official calmed but grew suspicious when he learned Esther had been adopted in 2002, at the height of the confiscation scandal. When asked for Esther’s name, Marsha offered only the shared surname Shao, withholding details that could link Esther to the scandal. Before the official could call the director, the group exited hastily, passing the director himself on the way out. Demick reflected that no one from the orphanage was ever formally disciplined for its role in the confiscations. She recalled another orphanage’s director who once admitted that without payments, no babies would be found.
As the New Year holiday wound down, the Zeng sisters prepared to return to city life while Youdong alone remained to tend the farm. At a final meal, Youdong broke his usual teetotalism to serve homemade rice wine for toasts. Esther told her birth parents through the interpreter that she would now call them Mom and Dad, with Marsha’s enthusiastic approval. Zanhua toasted Demick, crediting her with fulfilling a promise to bring Esther back. Youdong distributed red cash envelopes; Demick, uncomfortable accepting gifts as a journalist, redirected hers to one of the children. Zanhua and Marsha shared a long embrace—a shift from Zanhua’s initial reluctance to be touched by Esther’s adoptive mother.
Shuangjie and Yan rode back to Changsha with the group. In the minivan, Esther and Shuangjie managed their first semi-private conversation, asking each other about romance. Neither had been on a date; both wanted to travel before settling down. Shuangjie did not want to marry young like her sisters. Yan, cradling her sleeping son, agreed, advising against early marriage or marrying a village farmer. She admired her parents but criticized rural families spending their lives away from home to build large houses occupied only once a year. The sisters taught each other words in Chinese and English.
Back in Changsha, the contrast with the village was jarring: Spotless subways, QR-code restaurants, and glittering shopping malls prompted Victoria to compare the city to New York’s Times Square. Despite blending visually into crowds, Esther and Victoria felt no more at ease than in Texas as locals consistently addressed them in Mandarin. When a vendor said Esther did not look American, she retorted by asking what an American looked like.
In their final days in Changsha, Shuangjie visited the hotel each day but declined to have the group come to her school or dormitory. In the hotel suite, the twins played card games, patty-cake, and thumb war—a small taste of the shared childhood they were denied. They did each other’s makeup and braided each other’s hair in matching French braids, finding that cosmetic changes brought their appearances into close alignment. They exchanged shirts, bonded over shared loves of fruit and art, and puzzled over differences such as Esther’s multiple food allergies. Both could roll their tongues laterally, a discovery that delighted them.
Demick observed that beyond surface similarities, the twins shared a fundamental temperament: Both were calm, deliberate, and slow to display emotion, traits that appeared to reflect their father’s character. Shuangjie said Esther was braver; Demick suspected that Shuangjie’s pronounced fears, including anxiety about getting lost or being kidnapped, might reflect unresolved trauma from the abduction. Feeling pressure from family and observers to appear more alike, Shuangjie resolved to lose weight and grow out her bangs while Esther offered to cut her hair. Asked whether either envied the other’s life, both said no.
After requesting privacy, the twins spent over an hour alone communicating through a translation app and emerged noticeably closer. They began planning for Shuangjie to visit Texas, which made the approaching separation bearable.
On their last night, the Lantern Festival, Shuangjie arrived visibly ill. A rainstorm reduced the city fireworks display to indistinct smears of color through a banquet room window; the festive dinner sat largely untouched. However, when Shuangjie’s car arrived, she insisted on riding home alone for the first time, saying she wanted to be brave like Esther.
The paradox of transnational adoption is illustrated by the adoptees’ profound sense of cultural displacement upon returning to their birth country—tension that highlights aspects of Twinship, Identity, and Belonging. En route to China, Esther and Victoria instinctively gripped their blue United States passports while navigating an airport queue of predominantly Chinese passengers, utilizing the physical documents to anchor their fragile sense of nationality. Their alienation deepened throughout the trip, peaking in the modernized city of Changsha when locals repeatedly addressed them in Mandarin. This friction prompted the sisters to challenge a vendor’s assumptions by asking, “What does an American look like?” (239). This persistent misidentification emphasized the disjunction between their genetic heritage and their internalized cultural identities: Esther and Victoria visually blended into the local population while remaining linguistically and functionally foreign.
Frank financial discussions between Esther’s adoptive and birth families illuminated shifting macroeconomic realities between the United States and China. Youdong bluntly questioned Marsha about the cost of the adoption, utilizing Chinese words for buying and selling that directly referenced Transforming Orphans Into Commodities. Prepared for these questions, Marsha calmly explained that she and her late husband had to sell their home to afford the mandatory fees and travel expenses totaling $25,000. In contrast, the Zeng family’s large, multi-story farmhouse, their newly acquired vehicle, and steady agricultural income made Demick consider that they may be financially better off than the Fredericks. These details recast the pervasive Western rescue narrative frequently surrounding international adoption as an economic transaction complicated by rural China’s rapid upward mobility. The reversal of financial stability—rural Chinese farmers possessed greater net worth and material security than an American single mother—challenged the assumption that Western adoption inherently guaranteed superior material advantages, exposing the complex class dynamics embedded within the international adoption industry.
The juxtaposition of the uncle’s residence and the Shaoyang orphanage exposes the enduring human cost of state-mandated family planning and the institutional evasion of accountability. Xiuhua and Guoxiong’s house became the physical site of past trauma when Xiuhua reenacted Esther’s horrific confiscation, pantomiming how family planning officials immobilized her while tearing the screaming toddler from her grasp. This visceral display of grief assured Esther that state violence severed her from her family, rather than parental neglect. In contrast, the group’s attempted unannounced visit to the Shaoyang Social Welfare Institute, a facility resembling a fortified military compound, demonstrated the highly regulated hostility of the state institution. When the group requested a tour, a young administrator became openly angry, his suspicion visibly increasing upon learning the year of Esther’s adoption. The orphanage’s polished exterior and aggressively protected interior underscore a broader systemic refusal to acknowledge historical wrongdoing of bureaucratic structures that utilized intimidation and secrecy to obscure their direct complicity in the confiscation and trafficking operations that supplied the lucrative international adoption market.
Demick criticizes the idealized concept of the twin mystique, exploring how Shuangjie and Esther navigated the pressure to perform a unified identity while simultaneously asserting their distinct selves. They utilized cosmetics and styling to minimize their physical differences, notably braiding their hair in matching styles to intentionally align their appearances. Despite these superficial efforts to converge and satisfy the expectations of onlookers, distinct differences rooted in their disparate upbringings continually surfaced, such as Esther’s multiple food allergies and Shuangjie’s pronounced anxieties about personal safety. On their final night together, Shuangjie declined an escorted ride and insisted on returning to her dormitory alone in a taxi, stating, “I want to be brave like Esther” (247). The desire to physically mirror one another reflected a poignant attempt to reclaim the shared childhood denied to them by state policies, while Shuangjie’s final act of independence demonstrated a psychological mirroring. Demick suggests that Twinship, Identity, and Belonging in the aftermath of prolonged separation involves both genetic destiny and a conscious, performative effort to bridge the chasm of divergent lived experiences.



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