Devil on the Cross

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o

Devil on the Cross

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
56 pages1-hour read
Fiction
Novel
Adult
Published in 1980

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Character List

Meet the key characters, with insights into their roles, motivations, and relationships—spoiler-free.

Major Characters

Jacinta is a young secretary who feels deeply insecure about her physical appearance, using skin-lightening creams and hair straighteners to conform to colonial beauty standards. Beaten down by sexual harassment and romantic betrayal, she boards a matatũ to return to her family in Ilmorog. Her experiences make her acutely aware of the systemic exploitation women face in the workforce.

Key Relationships

Former Employee of Boss Kĩhara

Ex-girlfriend of John Kĩmwana

Fellow Passenger of Gatuĩria

Passenger of Robin Mwaũra

Fellow Passenger of Mũturi

Fellow Passenger of Wangarĩ

Victim of The Rich Old Man

Daughter of Jacinta's Mother

Daughter of Jacinta's Father

Niece of Jacinta's Aunt

Niece of Jacinta's Uncle

Mother of Wambũi

Gatuĩria is a university researcher in African culture and a passionate composer. Educated in America, he rejects the ruthless capitalism practiced by his wealthy family, choosing instead to focus on preserving traditional Kenyan music. He searches for a pure musical form that represents his nation's history without European influence.

Key Relationships

Fellow Passenger of Jacinta Warĩĩnga

Son of Gatuĩria's Father

Ideological Opponent of Mwĩreri wa Mũkiraaĩ

Passenger of Robin Mwaũra

Fellow Passenger of Mũturi

Robin Mwaũra is a cynical matatũ driver whose only stated goal in life is to make money. He takes pride in his vehicle's ragged appearance, operating with strict moral relativism. He claims to be equally comfortable with God or the Devil as long as business remains profitable.

Key Relationships

Driver for Gatuĩria

Hostile Driver of Wangarĩ

Ideological Ally of Mwĩreri wa Mũkiraaĩ

Ideological Opponent of Mũturi

The Rich Old Man is a wealthy and powerful figure who used his money and influence to sexually exploit a young Jacinta. He manipulated her family's poverty to gain access to her, playing cruel "hunting" games in the woods before discarding her when she became pregnant.

Key Relationships

Exploiter of Jacinta Warĩĩnga

Business Associate of Jacinta's Uncle

Father of Wambũi

Supporting Characters

Mwĩreri wa Mũkiraaĩ is a Harvard-educated economist who views modern theft and robbery as synonymous with business acumen. He believes firmly in "domestic theft," arguing that the local elite should exploit the country's resources rather than foreign investors. His elitist views frequently clash with the working-class passengers on the bus.

Key Relationships

Ideological Ally of Robin Mwaũra

Class Opponent of Mũturi

Class Opponent of Wangarĩ

Fellow Passenger of Jacinta Warĩĩnga

Mũturi is a working-class man who firmly believes in the power of the producing class over the "parasite" class of wealthy elites. He frequently interjects during the bus ride to challenge the cynical and capitalist views of his fellow passengers. He organizes local workers to confront corruption head-on.

Key Relationships

Protector of Jacinta Warĩĩnga

Ally of Wangarĩ

Ideological Opponent of Robin Mwaũra

Class Opponent of Mwĩreri wa Mũkiraaĩ

Fellow Activist with Student Leader

Wangarĩ is an impoverished woman wearing a kitenge garment who recently suffered a stint in jail. Arrested merely for seeking work repeatedly in Nairobi, she travels to Ilmorog intending to report local corruption to the police. Her experiences highlight the criminalization of poverty in post-colonial Kenya.

Key Relationships

Ally of Mũturi

Class Opponent of Mwĩreri wa Mũkiraaĩ

Unwanted Passenger of Robin Mwaũra

Fellow Passenger of Jacinta Warĩĩnga

The Gĩcaandĩ Player is a traditional storyteller and Prophet of Justice. He fasts for seven days to receive the spiritual authority required to tell Jacinta's story accurately, framing the events as a matter of cultural and historical importance.

Key Relationships

Commissioned by Jacinta's Mother

Prophet regarding Jacinta Warĩĩnga

Boss Kĩhara is the head of the Champion Construction Company in Nairobi. He leverages his economic power over his female employees, demanding sexual favors in exchange for job security.

Key Relationships

Former Employer of Jacinta Warĩĩnga

John is Jacinta's boyfriend in Nairobi who ends their relationship on the same day she loses her job. Instead of supporting her, he hypocritically accuses her of sleeping with her boss.

Key Relationships

Ex-boyfriend of Jacinta Warĩĩnga

Gĩtutu wa Gataangũrũ is a comically wealthy land speculator attending the Devil's Feast. He profits by hoarding expropriated land and creating artificial scarcity, even proposing a scheme to bottle and sell air to the poor.

Key Relationships

Rival of Kĩhaahu wa Gatheeca

Fellow Competitor with Nditika wa Ngũũnji

Kĩhaahu wa Gatheeca is a corrupt politician who uses bribery and violence to maintain power. He brags about creating European-style nursery schools strictly to extract money from wealthy families who wish to mimic foreign culture.

Key Relationships

Rival of Gĩtutu wa Gataangũrũ

Nditika wa Ngũũnji is a black-market smuggler dealing in endangered animal skins and essential commodities. His ultimate pitch involves establishing a factory to manufacture human body parts so the wealthy can consume even more.

Key Relationships

Fellow Competitor with Gĩtutu wa Gataangũrũ

Fellow Competitor with Kĩmeendeeri wa Kanyuanjii

Kĩmeendeeri wa Kanyuanjii is a competitor at the Devil's Feast who outlines a plan to permanently imprison workers in factories. He intends to use religion and education to convince the laborers that their confinement is natural.

Key Relationships

Fellow Competitor with Nditika wa Ngũũnji

Satan manifests as a voice in Jacinta's head and a figure in her visions, representing the absolute corrupting power of foreign investment and capital. The voice attempts to tempt Jacinta into accepting the exploitative ways of the world.

Key Relationships

The leader of the Ilmorog University Students' Association is a young man who hands Jacinta the invitation to the Devil's Feast. He is highly educated but uses his knowledge to organize against systemic corruption.

Key Relationships

Fellow Organizer with Mũturi

Jacinta's uncle is a man who prioritized his own financial advancement over his niece's safety. He essentially offered her up to a wealthy businessman to secure a lucrative deal for himself.

Key Relationships

Business Associate of The Rich Old Man

Jacinta's aunt took on the heavy responsibility of raising her young niece while the girl's parents were locked away in colonial prisons during the Mau Mau rebellion.

Key Relationships

Jacinta's father was imprisoned by the British colonial regime during the Mau Mau rebellion. Upon his release, he discovers his land has been stolen, forcing the family to relocate and rebuild in Ilmorog.

Key Relationships

Husband of Jacinta's Mother

Jacinta's mother survived imprisonment during the colonial era and later seeks out The Gĩcaandĩ Player to ensure her daughter's full story is recorded and told.

Key Relationships

Wife of Jacinta's Father

Client of The Gĩcaandĩ Player

Wambũi is Jacinta's young daughter, born from her exploitation by an older man. She is raised by Jacinta's parents in Ilmorog while Jacinta attempts to build a life in Nairobi.

Key Relationships

Daughter of Jacinta Warĩĩnga

Daughter of The Rich Old Man

Gatuĩria's father is a wealthy local businessman whose cruel treatment of poor workers alienated his son, pushing the young man to reject the family business entirely in favor of an academic path.

Key Relationships

Father of Gatuĩria