93 pages 3-hour read

Margaret Peterson Haddix

Found

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 2008

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Symbols & Motifs

Time and Time Travel

Found centers around time and time travel, though it is not clear until nearly halfway through the story. The first allusion to time travel comes in the prologue, with the sudden appearance of the plane. It becomes clear that any unexplainable appearance or disappearance is a moment when time travel is taking place. This motif culminates at the story’s end when the main three characters travel through time.


Time itself is also a prominent symbol, as the concept of knowing history becomes extremely important. Jonah finds comfort in knowing what answers to provide during his history quiz, only to later learn he actually came from that very history. Additionally, because he was brought to the 21st century, the history he knows might ultimately be inaccurate because being removed from his original time period disrupted time.


Time travel is the catalyst for the story’s main conflict. When the plane appears in the 21st century, it is an accident that JB causes when he tries to prevent Gary and Hodge from taking the children into the future. Because they are well-known children from the past, JB wants to send them back to their correct times so that the disruptions their absences caused can be resolved. Hodge and Gary, however, wish to complete their original mission and bring the children further into the future. This places Jonah, Chip, and the other children at the center of a conflict they knew nothing about. In the end, Joseph, Chip, and Katherine make a deal with JB to try and fix the past so they can return to what they feel is their true home: the 21st century.

Written Records

From the beginning, written notes play a major part in the story’s mystery. The cryptic notes Jonah and Chip receive in the mail foreshadow the time-travel conflict, as well as Jonah and Chip’s true origins. Jonah, Katherine, and Chip must work to puzzle out their meaning, as the two groups sending the messages do not want to give away information to the other group. This secrecy continues all the way to the novel’s climax, when JB, Gary, and Hodge are reluctant to explain their motivations until pushed.


The reveal that written records are untrustworthy is jarring. This falls in line with Jonah’s faith in his understanding of history; where does one learn history but from a written record? When JB warns Jonah to be careful about communications that can be monitored, Jonah does not initially understand. This leads him to distrust Angela, whose cryptic notes and refusal to talk on the phone strike him as odd. Angela’s precautions foreshadow Jonah’s realization that written records are unsafe. Jonah realizes that anything written down or otherwise recorded is not safe from time travelers. Once Jonah explains this to Chip and Katherine, the three are forced to trust one another and their own memories to keep everything about their situation safe.

Sports

Throughout the story, Jonah views conflict in terms of sports. In Chapter 1, Jonah and Chip discuss how Jonah is adopted while playing basketball. This is the first instance of sports being present during conversation about adoption and the question of one’s true identity. Chip explains he was adopted in Jonah’s room, where there are many sports posters.


Jonah uses sports to illustrate how Katherine knows where she comes from while he does not. In Chapter 7, Katherine confesses she wonders who she is, but Jonah argues that her insecurity is not the same as his. He points out how Katherine has the same nose as their father, which Jonah compares to a ski slope. As Jonah comes to realize Katherine is his true family, the ski slope becomes a symbol of trust. Later, Jonah throws the Elucidator to Katherine with the ease of throwing a basketball, representing how Jonah accepts his adopted family as where he comes from.


How Jonah plays sports is often an indicator of his emotions. In Chapter 1, when Jonah is not concerned about the circumstances of his adoption, the basketball game he plays with Chip is leisurely. This supports his feeling that his quality of life is fine. Later, Katherine and Jonah discuss the conference for adopted kids while playing an unenergetic game of basketball. The lethargic game embodies their mutual wariness. When Jonah scores a basket he feels could have missed easily, he compares it to how the conference could easily be a trap—which, of course, it is. When Jonah tries to escape the closing cave, Gary tackles him, like in a football game (a sport Jonah dislikes).


Sports also represent inner conflict for Jonah. In several situations, Jonah likens his feelings (emotional or physical) to a sports experience. In Chapter 7, Jonah is distracted by the strange notes, and he gets hit on the head by a ball in gym class. In Chapter 17, Chip receives Angela’s request to meet in person, and Jonah feels like the world is spinning. He compares it to a time he got caught in a riptide and could not use a kick he learned in swimming classes to free himself. Jonah experiences oxygen deprivation due to panic after seeing Angela disappear in Chapter 21—the same feeling he gets after a soccer game. At the conference during Chapter 26, Jonah experiences a buildup of adrenaline, which reminds him of how he feels before a basketball game. 

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