Compare Marcus Aurelius to Hadrian’s descriptions of himself as a youth. Is Marcus a foil or complement to the narrator? What does his function reveal about Hadrian’s self-perceptions, goals, and legacy?

Research the historical Hadrian. Which aspects of his reign and character has Yourcenar chosen to include in her novel? What did she leave out? Why?

Examine the impact of Antinous on Hadrian. How do the aged Hadrian’s feelings toward Antinous compare with his feelings when they are together?

Explore Hadrian’s portrayal of himself as a public servant who feels commissioned to uphold justice as he sees fit. Analyze what the book presents as the legitimate bases for authority and the consequences of wielding that power.

Why does Hadrian view the Jewish rebellion led by Simon bar-Kochba as a defeat? Explore Hadrian’s ideals about cultural integration (for example, his desire for Rome to adopt the cultural legacy of Greece) and his frustration with non-assimilationist elements expressed in Jewish belief.

Explore Hadrian’s dedication to upholding the Pax Romana and his vision of eternal Rome. Discuss how Rome changes as a symbol for him over his varying visions of its decay or continuation.

How does Hadrian view Greek culture in comparison to Roman culture? What does each culture represent for Hadrian in terms of the novel’s themes of legacy and continuation?

Discuss characters who function as foils, allies, mentors, or antagonists for Hadrian. How do Hadrian’s attitudes toward these supporting characters reflect what he wishes to cultivate or minimize in himself?