To what extent does Wharton present the deceptions of protagonists like Delia Ralston and Lizzie Hazeldean as morally justifiable acts of survival within a society that offers women few legitimate avenues for power?

Examine how Wharton uses the symbolic geography of Old New York, contrasting spaces like the private Raycie Gallery, the semi-public Washington hospital, and the exposed Parrett family window to define the fraught boundaries between reputation and reality.

Analyze the narratorial structure of The Spark and New Year’s Day. How does the use of a narrator who interprets events long after they occur shape the reader’s understanding and moral assessment of Hayley Delane and Lizzie Hazeldean?

Characters like Mr. Halston Raycie and Henry Prest function as antagonists who represent the oppressive values of their society. Are these characters merely flat representations of social conformity, or does Wharton grant them a more complex humanity?

Compare the forms of rebellion enacted by Lewis Raycie in False Dawn and Hayley Delane in The Spark. How do their different struggles illustrate Wharton’s broader critique of a society hostile to both genuine passion and authentic integrity?

Discuss the long-term personal cost of defying social norms as seen in the isolated futures of Lewis Raycie, Charlotte Lovell, and Lizzie Hazeldean. Would they have experienced the same costs had they lived today?

Analyze the shifting power dynamics between the two cousins Delia Ralston and Charlotte Lovell throughout The Old Maid. Is Charlotte justified in her resentment of Delia? Why or why not?

Explore what Wharton suggests about the nature of morality by portraying two of her most principled characters, Hayley Delane and Lizzie Hazeldean, as explicitly non-intellectual.