The Sea, the Sea

Iris Murdoch

48 pages 1-hour read

Iris Murdoch

The Sea, the Sea

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1978

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Chapters 6-7Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of substance use, graphic violence, and death.

Chapter 6 Summary: “History: Five”

Lizzie unexpectedly arrives at Shruff End again. That evening, the household sings, drinks, and relaxes. Later, Charles goes to find Lizzie at Minn’s cauldron. He is standing on the rock bridge over the cauldron when someone pushes him off the bridge from behind. He nearly drowns but is somehow rescued—he doesn’t know how.


He regains consciousness on the rocks with the others around him, and they tell him that James gave him the “kiss of life” (365). He survives with a concussion and bruises. The doctor declares it an accident. In the middle of the night, Charles wakes up, remembering something. He writes a note to himself and hides it. Later, he cannot remember what he wrote or where he put it, but he is convinced that the note has the name of his attacker.


Charles becomes convinced Ben pushed him. James, however, swears that Ben did not do it; he pressures Peregrine, who confesses he pushed Charles because he stole Rosina. All these years, he has been pretending he was fine with the situation, but he has been angry and bitter.


Titus, swimming alone, drowns; tourists pull his body from the bay, and James’s attempts at resuscitation fail. The verdict is death by misadventure. Devastated and consumed by guilt and rage, Charles becomes convinced that Ben killed Titus. He plans various forms of retaliation.


After the others leave, Lizzie and James confess that they have known each other slightly for years, meeting occasionally to discuss Charles. Furious at the deception, Charles orders them to leave together. He checks the mail and finds a letter from Hartley awaiting him.

Chapter 7 Summary: “History: Six”

Hartley’s letter is a formal invitation to tea, signed by both her and Ben. Charles arrives at Nibletts to find them calm and polite. They announce that they are emigrating to Australia in five or six weeks. Charles slips Hartley a letter and tells her he will wait for her at the church with a taxi, and they will run away together. She does not come.


Days pass. Charles goes to the local hotel and sees Peregrine and Rosina; they have reconciled and plan to start a theatre in Londonderry, Ireland. James visits Shruff End for a long evening of drinking and conversation. He tells Charles about Tibetan beliefs, magic, and the death of his sherpa Milarepa, whom he failed to save with his powers of bodily heat generation.


After James leaves, Charles falls ill. When he recovers, Lizzie and Gilbert visit briefly to receive his blessing—they have moved back in together and resumed their companionship. Charles goes to Nibletts to find the house empty; a neighbor tells him that the Fitches have already gone to Australia.


Charles recovers a buried memory: James descended a sheer rock and lifted him from the cauldron, seemingly using supernatural power. A letter arrives from a Dr. Tsang in London, who says that James has died peacefully, having chosen his moment of death as enlightened practitioners can. Charles sees four seals in the water at dawn.

Chapters 6-7 Analysis

Peregrine’s confession in the kitchen is this section’s central reversal, and it serves as both a plot point and a fundamental perspective shift for Charles. He has spent days certain that Ben pushed him into Minn’s cauldron, and the certainty has felt to him like proof, just as his earlier certainties have. When James pries the truth out of Peregrine, who confesses to pushing Charles because of a decade-old grievance over Rosina, Charles’s response is telling: He relinquishes the Ben-pushed-me theory and immediately constructs the Ben-killed-Titus theory in its place, with the same conviction and the same absence of evidence. The novel’s exploration of jealousy now encompasses Peregrine as well, as he names what Charles’s betrayal has done to him over the years: “[Y]ou’ve been with me like a demon, like a cancer” (394). His fixation echoes Charles’s own admission that he “could only think, over and over again, certain agonizing thoughts” (387). True to his character, however, Charles doesn’t recognize this. The confession does not cure Charles of his tendency toward presumption; he simply reaches for a new object.


Charles’s tea at Nibletts denies him the confrontation he has armed himself for, further highlighting the gap between Charles’s perspective and reality. Ben and Hartley are cleanly dressed, the iced cake is set out, and the tea is very proper. He recognizes that the couple has just played Greensleeves on their recorders, the song that was Charles and Hartley’s in childhood. Charles registers this as a desecration, then as a possible signal, then forgets it. The Nostalgic Power of First Love is exposed by Charles’s reading of every detail in the room as a coded message: The changed time on the invitation must mean she will be alone. Later, after she leaves and Charles returns, he is sure that the stone in the garden must be a sign, and the unopened letter under the linoleum must be meaningful somehow. Charles’s interpretive faculty cannot register a refusal as a refusal; it can only convert refusal into a puzzle that needs a different solution. When he reads the neighbor’s postcard from Sydney, the private mythology he has maintained for 40 years finally disperses under the reality that Hartley has truly gone.


Titus’s death works structurally as the cost of everything that Charles has set in motion, and Charles knows it without quite letting himself know it. He records the specific failure: He never warned the boy about the sea because warning would have spoiled the picture of himself diving in fearlessly on the first day. He admits, “I acted out of vanity” (398). The Futility of Renouncing One’s Nature is illustrated here, because Charles came to Shruff End announcing a turn from theatrical self-display toward simple goodness, and the boy has died as a result of both Charles’s vanity and his manipulations. The fantasy of “a little house by the sea” with Hartley repeats the same structure: A renunciation of his former life, imagined as a performance with Hartley cast in it (367). Even his revenge plans against Ben, Charles recognizes, are “[his] own death that [he] was planning” (390). His retirement to the simple life keeps producing more stagecraft, not less.


James’s death and Charles’s recovered memory of the rescue reframe his whole stay at Shruff End. Dr. Tsang’s letter gives Charles a model of relinquishment that is not theatrical, representing James as a man who simply chooses his moment and stops. Set against this, Charles’s “abjuring magic” looks like what Peregrine has already called it, an exploded myth, an old magician who cannot stop casting. His retirement project returns here at a different pitch, because Charles can now feel the difference between James’s quiet exit and his own loud one. The seals at dawn, “beneficent beings come to visit me and bless me” (471), arrive after Charles has, for the first time in the book, stopped trying to direct the action. The reassessment will not undo the harm Charles has done, but his thought as he goes back to sleep, “Who is one’s first love? Who indeed” (471), gestures at a question he has not previously been able to ask: whether the figure he installed in that role was ever the right one. This moment of insight offers the possibility that Charles has found his way to greater self-awareness.

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