Cows

Matthew Stokoe
60 pages2-hour read
Fiction
Novel
Adult
Published in 1998

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Chapters 16-23Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of graphic violence, sexual violence, rape, physical abuse, emotional abuse, animal cruelty, animal death, sexual content, and cursing.

Chapter 16 Summary

On the bus to work, Steven feels an unaccustomed happiness, which he wonders is a result of his time with Lucy, his poisoning of the Hagbeast, or the cow he killed. The feeling vanishes when he arrives at the meat plant.


At his grinder station, a talking sienna Guernsey cow speaks to him through a ventilation grille, warning him that the foreman Cripps’s philosophy of power is a lie intended to numb men to their feelings. Conflicted, Steven feels as though his heart wants the power Cripps promises, while his head knows how disgusting the acts in the slaughter room are and that joining the men won’t accomplish anything. When Cripps approaches, the cow disappears.


Cripps moves Steven to a slaughter station and hands him a boltgun. As Steven kills cow after cow, he feels his sensitivity and perception being eroded. Cripps stands beside him, masturbating over Steven rather than the dying cows. Steven dissociates and later regains awareness to find himself participating with Gummy and other slaughtermen in the ritual of having sex with a cow. After he ejaculates, Steven blacks out.

Chapter 17 Summary

Steven awakens on the slaughter room floor, surrounded by a dozen cows led by the Guernsey. The cows take him through a hidden, city-wide network of underground tunnels to their home: A massive cavern where a herd of escaped cattle has formed a society. The Guernsey explains that the herd originated from cattle Cripps accidentally left in the holding pen one night, and that they want revenge on Cripps. They ask Steven to lure the foreman into the empty slaughter room at night so they can kill him. Steven hesitates, insisting that he can’t be responsible for his death even if he knows what’s happening in the slaughter room is wrong. The Guernsey warns him that Cripps will continue to brutalize him. Steven then passes out and awakens outside the meat plant.


Steven returns home, exhausted in the middle of the night. The Hagbeast, who is ill from the poisoned food, is waiting at the table demanding more food. He serves another meal of his feces to both himself and his mother. The Hagbeast vomits but continues eating, while Steven finds it less repulsive. Afterward, he collapses into bed.

Chapter 18 Summary

After his experience in the slaughter room, Steven wakes in the late afternoon feeling unexpectedly free from his usual fear. He finds the Hagbeast weakened from the meals of his feces but still alive. He then goes to Lucy’s, where they have sex repeatedly. During their time together, Steven resolves to build a new life with Lucy and a future child in his apartment after his mother is dead. To hasten this, he eats raw meat to make his feces more dangerous for the Hagbeast’s next meal.


The following morning, he finds his mother collapsed and drags her to the kitchen. As he forces her to eat his specially prepared feces, she correctly suspects he is hiding something and threatens to find and destroy whatever is giving him hope. This terrifies Steven, who realizes she could discover Lucy. The Hagbeast then has a seizure and collapses. Fearing she will recover and investigate, Steven flees to work.

Chapter 19 Summary

At the slaughterhouse, the Guernsey appears and asks if Steven has decided to help them kill Cripps. However, Steven insists that he hasn’t given it anymore thought. In response, the cow warns him that Cripps has something even more brutal planned for tonight and that Steven will have to help them.


After his shift, Cripps appears and leads Steven to the deserted slaughter room. There, Cripps reveals Gummy, naked and bound. Declaring it Steven’s next step toward “freedom,” Cripps hands Steven a pair of secateurs, physically guides his hand and helps him make the first cut, then encourages him verbally as Steven continues the dismemberment himself. The act causes Steven to vomit and collapse in shock. Cripps tells him this was the next difficult but necessary step to change himself, then leaves him alone with the corpse. In a traumatized daze, Steven travels back to Lucy’s apartment. He finds himself standing over her as she sleeps, conscious only of a need to lie down next to her.

Chapter 20 Summary

Steven awakens feeling empowered and resolves to kill his mother directly instead of continuing his slow poisoning plan. He goes to her kitchen, but she ambushes him, revealing she knew about his plot. She slams him face-first into the floor and pins him with her weight, then loops a rope around his neck to strangle him. Dog intervenes by attacking the Hagbeast’s throat, forcing her to release Steven. She retaliates by brutally killing Dog. Fueled by a lifetime of hatred and vengeance for his pet, Steven attacks his mother and, striking her with his elbow, sends her collapsing to the floor. He drags her to the kitchen, ties her up, and tortures her by pulling out her teeth with pliers. He then murders her by taping her mouth to his anus and fatally suffocating her with his feces. Feeling triumphant and believing he has removed the source of his misery, Steven moves Lucy and her things into the apartment.

Chapter 21 Summary

Steven grants Lucy’s request to dissect his mother’s body in search of “stones.” While she works, he sleeps, and upon waking, he feels safe and settled in his home, lord of it at last. He finds Lucy in the kitchen, crying over the completely dismembered corpse, having found nothing inside. Steven is secretly pleased, believing her disillusionment will now permanently bind her to him and a domestic life.


After they have sex, Steven carries his mother’s remains to the roof in garbage bags. Overlooking the city, he has a revelation, concluding that the act of killing has been the source of his increasing power and self-determination, just as Cripps had implied. He retrieves his dead Dog’s body, props it up between two chimneys to “witness,” and burns his mother’s remains with gasoline until only ash is left.

Chapter 22 Summary

Following the Hagbeast’s death, Steven and Lucy experience several weeks of happiness. Lucy recovers and helps Steven transform the apartment into an idealized home modeled on television family shows. With Lucy now pregnant, Steven feels he has successfully willed his dream life into existence. He even sees himself as superior to others that have a successful life, as he gained his through his own strength and will.


However, this satisfaction fades as Steven is overcome by a powerful anxiety three weeks later. He grows increasingly fearful that his fragile new world will collapse, worrying about money, Lucy’s mental state, and his own weakness. After a week of agonizing, he recalls that killing his mother gave him the strength to begin this life. He concludes that to preserve it, he needs to kill again—another “injection of certainty,” as Cripps’s lessons had taught him (119).

Chapter 23 Summary

After a month’s absence, a paranoid and anxious Steven returns to the meatpacking plant. He finds a strange comfort in the familiarity of his job at the grinder. During his lunch break, the Guernsey cow confronts him through a ventilation grille, insisting that killing has “infected” him and that he is back to help the cows kill Cripps. Steven reveals that he will not help merely set Cripps up, but that he wants to perform the killing himself.


The Guernsey is initially resistant, as the herd wanted to be involved, but Steven persuades it by arguing that he can hurt Cripps more effectively and that the cows cannot get to him otherwise. The Guernsey agrees on the condition that the herd can witness the entire event. Steven instructs it to come to the slaughter room at the end of the day. He then approaches Cripps, who is delighted when Steven says he wants to kill again. With his plan set in motion, Steven works through the afternoon, filled with a tense anticipation for the murder.

Chapters 16-23 Analysis

Cripps’s declaration that dismembering Gummy will be Steven’s “passport to a new world” (101) underscores the novel’s escalating graphic violence as a twisted form of pedagogy. In these chapters, the slaughterhouse foreman solidifies his role as Steven’s malevolent mentor, guiding him through the desensitization designed to produce a specific kind of man: one supposedly free from empathy, fear, and inhibition. During the slaughter of the cows, Steven feels the “shavings of sensitivity, perception, care” being stripped away (81), showing how Cripps’s version of empowerment hinges on systematically destroying parts of the self. Cripps’s sexual fascination with Steven during these acts further connects violence with a ritualized performance of masculinity in which domination becomes the measure of personal change and strength. The murder of Gummy is the culmination of this education. Cripps’s physical and verbal encouragement turns the act into a lesson that Steven eventually internalizes. After his initial shock, he awakens feeling empowered, concluding that the slaughter sessions have worked. This disturbing arc develops the theme of Cruelty and Violence as Futile Attempts Toward Agency, especially given that these chapters allow Cripps’s philosophy to appear temporarily successful. Steven moves from being traumatized himself into an active perpetrator and genuinely experiences the violence as empowering. Violence gives Steven a powerful sensation of agency even as it progressively destroys his capacity to seek agency through anything else.


The introduction of a subterranean society of sentient cows provides a surreal, genre-bending counterpoint to Cripps’s individualistic philosophy. When the Guernsey leads Steven through the underground tunnels, the narrative shifts from the hyper-masculine, industrial horror of the slaughterhouse to a fantastical setting of collective resistance. This hidden world, a sprawling network beneath the city, shows a society formed in direct opposition to the surface world’s Alienation Through Industrial Exploitation. The cows offer a moral framework for violence: Their desire to kill Cripps is based on a quest for justice and retribution, a response to the torture they have suffered. Their community-based mission contrasts sharply with Cripps’s individualistic pursuit of power for its own sake. The Guernsey’s warning that Cripps’s way is a path to numbness—a way “to stop yourself feeling” (78)—presents Steven with a clear philosophical choice. He can join a collective struggle against a tyrant or embrace that tyrant’s methods for personal gain. His initial refusal to help reveals how strongly Cripps’s individualistic promise has taken hold. Rather than identifying with the other victims of the slaughterhouse, he increasingly prioritizes the personal power he believes violence can provide.


Steven’s meticulous and brutal murder of the Hagbeast demonstrates the horrifying application of Cripps’s lessons to his domestic life, with the death of Dog serving as the final catalyst. Dog’s attempt to defend Steven is one of the novel’s rare examples of unquestioning loyalty, making the Hagbeast’s killing of him even more violent. The loss converts Stevent’s resentment into action, while the confidence he has stems from his belief in Cripps’s logic. The strength he gained from killing Gummy allows him to approach the Hagbeast as someone he can finally overpower. The murder itself—involving torture with pliers and suffocation with his own excrement—develops the motif of excrement from a medium of humiliation and contamination into a weapon through which Steven reverses their former relationship. What the Hagbeast once forced into Steven’s body as degrading nourishment is turned back against her, making his retaliation a grotesque imitation of the system of domination he seeks to escape. Ultimately, he defeats his tormentor by becoming more capable of operating within the twisted logic she upheld. His apparent liberation therefore contains its own corruption. Steven has escaped the Hagbeast’s immediate control, but the methods through which he does so reveal how strongly her model of power—and Cripps’s reinforcement of it—has already shaped him.


The immediate aftermath of the murder exposes the purpose Steven ultimately assigns to violence. He and Lucy create their idealized life, modeled after home like those in Brady Bunch and Happy Days, directly linking his most extreme rebellion to the theme of The Illusion of the American Dream. Television is a blueprint for the life he believes he is entitled to, an idealized domesticity that can only be achieved by annihilating the squalid reality of his past. This contradiction between means and ends is ironic, as Steven commits increasingly extreme transgressions because of how desperately he wants to access conventional life. At the same time, Lucy’s examination of the Hagbeast’s body for the physical source of corruption extends the parallel between their approaches to suffering. Her disappointment upon finding nothing but ordinary flesh undermines the belief that trauma must have a discrete material source waiting to be discovered. Steven, however, makes the corresponding mistake: Because the Hagbeast is gone and the apartment has been remade, he assumes the source of his own misery has also been removed. In this way, their renovated home conceals—rather than resolves—the psychological trauma both characters bring into it.


The brief period of happiness Steven achieves is quickly revealed to be unsustainable, exposing the flaw in his violent ideology. After just three weeks, his newfound confidence dissolves into a “dreaded thing, bringing as it did a fresh increment of fear” (118), and he realizes his painstakingly constructed world is on the verge of collapse. His conclusion—that he needs another “blood-burning injection of certainty” (119) from killing—reveals that his sense of agency has become dependent on violence. This development complicates the theme of Cruelty and Violence as Futile Attempts Toward Agency by showing that the “freedom” violence provides exists, but the effect fades, as each success creates the conditions for another act. When Steven returns to the slaughterhouse and declares, “I want to do it myself” (121), this moment marks his change. He no longer needs Cripps to force him into violence, instead actively seeking the experience that once traumatized him.

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