67 pages 2-hour read

Ayaan Hirsi Ali

Infidel

Nonfiction | Autobiography / Memoir | Adult | Published in 2006

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IntroductionChapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section includes discussion of gender violence and murder.

Introduction Summary

Ayaan begins the text with recounting the killing of her close friend and associate, the filmmaker Theo Van Gogh, in 2004 in Amsterdam. Ayaan and Theo had been receiving death threats for their short film Submission, Part 1, which is about Muslim women questioning their God about the injustices perpetuated in His name. Ali and Theo knew Submission was a dangerous film to make, yet Theo persisted, as he was a courageous man. When it was suggested that he remove his name from the film’s credits, the Dutchman bristled at the suggestion, saying it went against all his principles.


On the fateful November morning of his death, Theo cycles down the street of Linnaeusstraat in Amsterdam. Muhammad Bouyari, a Moroccan immigrant, has been waiting for Theo. He steps out of a doorway and shoots Theo several times in the chest. As Theo falls off his bicycle, Bouayri saws Theo’s throat with a butcher knife. Bouyari leaves Theo dead with a letter stabbed onto his chest with a knife: The letter is addressed to Ayaan, warning her that she is next.


Ayaan confesses that people often ask her why she continues to speak out, despite the dangers she faces. She answers the question for the reader: She does not have a death wish, but speaks out because the price of silence is higher than the death of her individual self. She goes on to say that this book is the record of her life and her family, and how she came to become a Member of Parliament in Holland at the age of 30. The memoir is an attempt to set the record straight about her, since people do not know her past completely.


Ali notes that she continues to pay the price for speaking up. In 2006, her neighbors in the safe-house she was renting from the state, complained they found her presence threatening. A judge concluded Ali needed to move out. Later, a controversy erupted about her right to Dutch citizenship, cementing her decision to move to the United States. She dedicates this book to her family, and “also to the millions and millions of Muslim women who have had to submit” (1).

Introduction Analysis

The Introduction establishes Hirsi Ali’s direct, polemically-inflected voice in the memoir, bringing home the urgency of her message. Since the memoir is written shortly after the murder of Theo van Gogh, Hirsi Ali suggests she does not have the luxury of equivocating: Her message is specific and clear and needs to be delivered immediately. Although Theo van Gogh appears only in the Introduction and towards the book’s end, his murder casts a heavy shadow on the memoir, constantly reminding Hirsi Ali of the enormous stakes of what she is fighting for. Theo’s murder introduces the key theme of The Importance of Free Speech in Democracy, since Theo is killed for expressing himself. Hirsi Ali contends that when free speech becomes punishable by death, the current hard-won ideas of individual liberty will collapse and the world will lapse into authoritarianism, brutality, and despair.


Hirsi Ali’s description of her short film Submission quickly sets the framework for her views on Islam, with Hirsi Ali noting that the traumatized characters of her short film, betrayed by their men and their God, “stand for hundreds of thousands of Muslim women around the world” (1). She ends the chapter with a dedication to the millions of Muslim women around the world “who submit” (1). These lines make it clear that Hirsi Ali associates Islam with the oppression of women; the chapters to follow aim to show the reader exactly why she has formed the association. Thus, the memoir can be regarded as an argument for Hirsi Ali’s “infidel” status—the reason she turned away from the religion of her birth.

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