67 pages • 2-hour read
Ayaan Hirsi AliA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Content Warning: This section contains discussion of gender discrimination and violence, abortion, rape, mental illness, and female genital mutilation.
Arriving in Germany, Ayaan is amazed by the cleanliness and order of the country. The broad roads, tall buildings, and efficient public transport are as alien to her as the telephone and the radio must have been for her grandmother when she left the desert for the city.
However, Ayaan also finds the urban landscape of Frankfurt cold and sterile, frightening in its impersonality. She feels more at home in the old town of Dusseldorf where she travels to meet a relative, Mural. Mural is impressed by the ease with which Ayaan took the train to Dusseldorf; most Somalis who visit him call in the middle of the night clueless about their whereabouts.
The more time Ayaan spends in Germany, the clearer it becomes to her that she has an affinity for Europe. In Germany, Ayaan can move around freely, which makes her feel in control of her life for the first time. Ayaan begins to wonder what would happen if she simply stayed on in Europe, refusing to join Osman Moussa in Canada and be his faithful wife. She knows she cannot stay in Germany, as her father and Osman know she is there. She decides to go to Holland to seek advice from Fadumo, one of the cousins she helped in the refugee camp, who is now an asylum-holder. On Friday, July 24th, 1992, Ayaan leaves behind her trousseau and takes the train to Amsterdam, noting that she will think of this date every year as a fresh birthday.
Ayaan’s plan is to travel to England from Amsterdam, but a relative, Mudoh, who is helping her out, tells her that Holland is a better choice. Ayaan coaxes information out of Fadumo on how to apply for refugee status and travels to the town of Zeewolde, which has a refugee center still accepting applications. At Zeewolde, she meets a sea of asylum-seekers from conflict-ravaged regions such as the Congo, Bosnia, and Liberia. Ayaan is assigned a bungalow with three Ethiopian girls while her application is processed.
As Ayaan fills out the form, she changes her name from Ayaan Hirsi Magan to Ayaan Hirsi Ali, after her grandfather, in order to escape detection by her clan. When she tells an immigrant official that she is seeking asylum to escape a forced marriage, the officer realistically tells her the reason is not pressing enough, since such marriages are the norm in many cultures. To strengthen her case, Ayaan invents a story of being persecuted in Somalia, based on the experiences of the refugees from the Mombasa camp. Ayaan is transferred to Lunteren, a long-stay center, to await the answer on her application.
In Lunteren she is assigned a caravan with two other Somali women who turn out to be Hawiye. The women are hostile to Ayaan at first. However, once the Dutch authorities make it clear that they all have to stay together, they become more open to Ayaan, ultimately becoming friends with her.
Ayaan writes to Haweya from a personal post office box she has rented in a Nairobi suburb and learns that Osman is in Germany looking for her. Panicked by the news, Ayaan starts getting nightmares of being sent back to Germany or Kenya. The despair evaporates when she receives her pink A-status refugee card, which permits her to live, work, and buy property in Holland. Ayaan is overwhelmed with joy.
Ayaan sets to bettering her prospects in Amsterdam, learning Dutch, and volunteering at the refugee center. She likes helping other immigrants, especially the Somalis who speak little Dutch or English, acting as a translator for them.
She receives a letter from her father, beginning with his familiar endearment for her, “My dearest Liver” (203), and asking her in a roundabout fashion to return to Osman. Now that her father and Osman know her whereabouts, Ayaan fears they will arrive to take her away under the threat of physical violence. Her fears come true one day when Osman arrives at her caravan with three Somali men.
The men go away for a while as Osman talks to Ayaan, asking her to come with him. Ayaan refuses. It is decided that a tolka, a gathering of the most important Osman Mahamud clansmen, will be held on January 26th to decide the fate of Ayaan and her husband.
When the day arrives, the gathering is attended by Abdellahi Moussa Boqor, the Crown Prince of all the Osman Mahamud of Somalia. Ayaan dresses modestly for the meeting, covered from head to ankle to honor her customs, yet also asserts her individuality by wearing jeans. She respectfully listens to the Crown Prince make his case about the importance of marriage and tradition, but when he asks her for her final answer, she tells him she will not be returning to Osman, as her soul does not allow it. There is a stunned silence, but the clansmen accept her choice, as is the custom.
Ayaan writes to Hirsi, explaining her decision. A few days later, she gets back her letter, on which Hirsi has written in red ink—the color of blood—that he disowns and curses her for bringing disgrace to him. This is the last letter he will ever write to her. Ayaan is swamped with grief.
After receiving her father’s letter, Ayaan feels bleak. However, her spirits lift as her Dutch improves, with Ayaan now able to translate directly from Somali to Dutch, without using English. Ayaan often accompanies Somali refugee women as a translator to the doctor; one woman turns out to have a form of female genital mutilation so extreme the doctor rips off his gloves in anger while examining her. The woman has had “farooni, the excision so extreme that the woman’s whole genitals are scraped off and mend into a hard band of dark skin” (213).
Ayaan makes friends with the people working at the asylum-seeker center, some of them local Dutch women. With these friends, Ayaan begins to attend dinners and picnics. Hanneke, one of her Dutch friends, takes Ayaan to Amsterdam’s red-light district, where sex workers display themselves behind glass windows. Hanneke tells Ayaan sex work is legal in Amsterdam and the women are empowered, but Ayaan cannot help but think of the display as dehumanizing and exploitative. With another friend, Ellen, a Christian, Ayaan discusses faith. She notes that Ellen’s relationship with God seems to be based on dialogue and love, whereas hers seems driven by fear.
In 1993, Ayaan is assigned a two-bedroom flat of her own in Ede. Ayaan takes up temporary jobs to make ends meet, but wants a more structured career. She decides to enroll at a university, first attending vocational college to prepare for a pre-university qualification called a propadeuse. During this time, Ayaan distances herself from other Somalis, since she believes they judge her harshly. She also dislikes it when the Somalis criticize their new country and, in her opinion, use racism as a strategy to get what they want. Ayaan acknowledges that there is racism in Holland, but also thinks “the claim of racism can […] be strategic” (224).
Unexpectedly, Haweya arrives in Frankfurt and calls Ayaan on the phone. A delighted Ayaan invites her sister to come live with her in Holland and starts preparing an asylum application for her. When Haweya arrives, she tells Ayaan that she fled Nairobi after having an abortion. She had been pregnant from her lover, a married Trinidadian man. Ayaan is shocked at Haweya’s relationship with a non-Muslim, but hides her response, offering unconditional support to her sister.
Over the next few months, Ayaan hopes to bring the listless Haweya back to life, but Haweya seems perpetually dreamy, spending most of her time lying on Ayaan’s sofa. Haweya goes on to pursue a relationship with a Somali man at the asylum center and becomes pregnant. Although Ayaan tells her abortion is a “sin,” Haweya gets the pregnancy terminated.
Meanwhile, Ayaan passes her qualifying exams and takes more courses. She is struck by a course in psychology which explores the relationship between childhood trauma and emotional and psychological problems in adulthood. She wonders if childhood beatings and the genital mutilation permanently affected Haweya’s psyche.
When she suggests as much to Haweya, her sister reacts badly, thinking Ayaan is implying that she has mental health issues. Haweya stops going to therapy and her behavior worsens, once even locking Ayaan out of her house in the cold. Ayaan realizes she and Haweya cannot live together any more. Haweya moves out. Ayaan decides to study at “the oldest and finest university in Holland: the University of Leiden” (236).
Although she is told political science is too dry a subject, Ayaan wants to specialize in it at Leiden, since she has lived the effects of politics up close. As her studies progress, Ayaan immerses herself in Dutch history and the Enlightenment, learning that the Dutch too were not always the liberal people they are now, using the values of the Enlightenment to reform Christianity.
The more Ayaan reads the works of philosophers like the 17th-century Spinoza, the harder she finds it to reconcile her faith with her intellectual ideas. Scientific thinking involves critical thinking and questioning, but Islam means submission to Allah’s will and submission does not brook interrogation. Sometimes Ayaan feels she is committing blasphemy by reading that faith must be critically examined.
In this period, she rents a home from a woman called Chantal, cycling to university on a rented bicycle. Since she cannot find a hairdresser who knows how to treat Somali hair, she cuts her hair short. With more and more refugees from Muslim countries pouring in, Ayaan becomes sought-after as a translator. Social services often call her to work with embattled women who do not speak Dutch. Ayaan is saddened to see how the women suffer from domestic violence and rape even in safe Holland; in one instance a Somali girl is gangraped by four Ethiopian men with whom she had shared a taxi. The contrast between the horrors of the world and the beautiful order of Chantal’s house stuns Ayaan. As Ayaan is called to prisons, abortion clinics, and domestic violence shelters, she cannot help note that the places have a disproportionate number of immigrants, especially Muslims. She begins to develop the opinion that the problems arise because many Muslim refugees continue to follow the old ways, hesitant to adapt to Dutch values. She also fears that Dutch liberalism in creating Muslim-only spaces can lead to the continuation of exploitation against women. For instance, a forced marriage can be excused as a cultural norm, rather than the crime it usually is under Dutch law. Over time, Ayaan moves out of Chantal’s house and eventually rents an apartment with Marco, a Dutch reporter. Ayaan and Marco begin a romantic relationship.
Haweya, now living on welfare in a guest house, turns more devout, criticizing Ayaan’s growing doubt as kufr. Ayaan can understand the appeal of Islam for her sister, who has had a tough life, but also wants her to stop believing in the afterlife and focus on the present. Haweya moves in with Ayaan and Marco, but the arrangement proves untenable because of Haweya’s worsening mental health. She moves out again, and soon Ayaan receives news that Haweya has had a serious mental health episode. Ayaan admits Haweya to a hospital, where she is kept in a padlocked cell to avoid harming herself. Hirsi finally phones Ayaan and tells her he is proud of her for taking care of her little sister. Ayaan is happy to be reconciled with her father.
Since Haweya cannot be institutionalized for long against her will, she is let out eventually and moves back to Kenya at Asha’s insistence. Ayaan is against the decision, as she feels Haweya’s mental health will only worsen back home. Her foreboding proves true a few months later when Asha calls with the worst news: Haweya died after an infection from a miscarriage. By the time Ayaan gets to Kenya, Haweya is already buried. Ayaan gives Asha, who is living in deplorable conditions, some money and asks her to move to Somalia to be with her people. Ayaan returns to Holland heartbroken, vowing to have nothing to do with her old life.
This section is bookended by cataclysmic events in Ayaan’s life: Her arrival in Europe and the death of her beloved sister, Haweya. The major life changes coincide with her early adulthood, forcing her to reassess all her values and beliefs so far and contend with questions of the self. The self is an important subject in these chapters, with Ayaan contending with the concept of an individual identity away from loyalties of clan and religion. She also observes the attention paid to selfhood in Holland, different from her childhood landscape where the self is subsumed by the community, noting, “In my childhood, the self was ignored. You pretended to be obedient, good, and pious for the approval of others; you never sought to express yourself. Here people sought their own pleasure, just because they felt like it” (251).
To Ayaan, Holland represents the chance to express this subsumed self, as well as freedom, leading her to confront Faith, Doubt, and the Construction of Moral Authority. Her view of her new homeland is colored by these opinions, Leiden appearing “so pretty it was like walking through an illustration from the Ladybird books of fairy tales with which I’d learned English in Nairobi” (237). Holland appears the apex of order and goodness to her, though as noted in the background entry on critical context, she has been questioned for omitting the fact that the prosperity of her new homeland has its roots in colonialism. As Ayaan learns of life outside the context of her home continent, the crisis of her faith begins to deepen. She notes the paradox that an increasingly atheistic society like Holland appears far more ethical than more religious nations, reinforcing her belief that religion and morality are two separate entities.
While Ayaan begins to doubt her Islamic faith, she holds onto her culture, showing how identity and cultural affiliation are inextricably braided. Despite dressing in convenient, Western clothing, she is always modestly attired, telling her Ethiopian roommate, “Why should I uncover my naked skin?” (193). The image of Ayaan in jeans and a tunic before the tolka has particular symbolic weight: Ayaan is signaling to the clan elders that though rooted in her culture, “things had changed” (206)—she is both Somali and a citizen of the world, an Osman Mahamud and an individual.
Hirsi’s harsh rejection of his daughter paints him as a complex man caught between democratic values and his religious and cultural beliefs. Although he has bought up Ayaan to ask questions, he expects her to submit to an arranged marriage. It is Hirsi who calls for the tolka when Ayaan refuses to go with Osman Moussa, and when she stands up to the council, Hirsi’s patriarchal sexism causes him to curse his daughter. The image of Hirsi, the former communist and political democrat, is at odds with the authoritarian, sexist father. As Ayaan develops her adult, individual self, she learns to see Hirsi as a flawed man, rather than a larger-than-life figure.
Haweya’s fate illustrates the lingering effects of childhood trauma and toxic family dynamics, and also highlights why religion continues to be a refuge for millions of people around the world. Ayaan links her sister’s mental health issues with her mother’s frequent, vicious childhood beatings; in earlier sections she noted that Asha thrashed Haweya most of all because Haweya did not give her the satisfaction of breaking down. Haweya’s excision too was extremely painful, the scissors slipping during the process, leaving lifelong scars on her thighs.
The bodily trauma now manifests as reckless behavior, with Haweya ignoring contraception and getting pregnant repeatedly, and gaining and losing weight in rapid cycles. Ayaan’s observation that she understands why Haweya has become hyper-religious shows that in a post-modern world, increasing choices and consumerism can lead to a person feeling unmoored. In this scenario, a return to religion becomes tempting, with doctrine offering clear answers about the past and the future.



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