Men Without Women

Ernest Hemingway

Men Without Women

Ernest Hemingway
54 pages1-hour read
Fiction
Short Story Collection
Adult
Published in 1927

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Symbols & Motifs

Wounds and Injuries

The motif of physical wounds in Men Without Women often serves as a tangible representation of the characters’ deeper, unspoken psychological suffering. In a world defined by violence, whether in war or sport, bodily harm is an expected consequence, but Hemingway uses it to explore the invisible scars of grief, fear, and alienation. This focus is central to the theme of performing masculinity, as the men are expected to endure their physical pain with stoicism, which forces their emotional suffering even further from view. In “The Undefeated,” Manuel Garcia’s recurring gorings are less significant than his unbreakable compulsion to fight, which repeatedly draws him back to the ring despite his injuries. Similarly, in “In Another Country,” the soldiers’ mechanical therapy for their physical injuries stands in stark contrast to their inability to heal their emotional desolation.


The narrator of “In Another Country” feels his war wound separates him from the other soldiers because it was the result of an accident, not heroism. He is not a true member of their fraternity of suffering because he has not proven his bravery, observing that the decorated Italian officers “were like hunting-hawks; and I was not a hawk, although I might seem a hawk to those who had never hunted” (46). This distinction reveals that, for the narrator and the other soldiers, the significance of a wound lies not only in the injury itself but also in the circumstances under which it was received. The narrator’s isolation demonstrates that psychological wounds—fear, inadequacy, and the terror of death—can be as isolating as physical injuries and may persist even when physical recovery is possible. The major’s withered hand is ultimately overshadowed by the grief he experiences after losing his wife, a wound for which there is no machine or therapy.

The Arena

The bullring and the boxing ring function as symbols of a controlled world where men can confront chaos and defeat within a structured set of rules and expectations. These contained arenas, with their clear rules and rituals, stand in direct opposition to the arbitrary violence of war and the messy complications of life. Within their boundaries, characters like the bullfighter Manuel in “The Undefeated” and the boxer Jack Brennan in “Fifty Grand” test their adherence to a personal and professional code. This code, a cornerstone of Hemingway’s exploration of masculinity, values technical skill, courage, and honor above victory itself. The arena provides a stage for the performance of “grace under pressure,” allowing a man to find meaning not in winning, but in how he faces inevitable decline and defeat. It is a space where qualities such as skill, courage, and endurance are publicly tested, offering a fragile sense of dignity in a hostile world.


Both Manuel and Jack are past their prime, yet they use the arena to assert their identity and integrity. Jack Brennan, knowing he cannot win and is being double-crossed, endures a brutal, foul blow to execute his own plan, preserving his financial stake and professional pride. His ability to think clearly amid excruciating pain highlights his mastery of the code. After delivering a retaliatory foul to nullify the fight, he reflects on his capacity for clear thought under extreme duress, stating, “It’s funny how fast you can think when it means that much money” (106). This remark underscores that the arena is a place of intense mental as well as physical struggle, where a man’s character is revealed through his disciplined response to pain, pressure, and the possibility of defeat.

The White Hills

In “Hills Like White Elephants,” the distant hills are the story’s central symbol, becoming associated with the pregnancy and the future it represents for the couple. The meaning of this symbol is fluid, shifting through Jig’s changing perception of it and revealing the emotional stakes of the conversation. Initially, her observation that “they look like white elephants” (50) is a whimsical, imaginative remark meant to connect with her partner. A “white elephant” is a burdensome, unwanted gift, which reflects the American’s perspective on the pregnancy. However, as the man repeatedly encourages her to have an abortion, Jig’s view of the hills changes. They cease to be a playful image and become a symbol of the life and possibilities that may be lost. The desolate, sunbaked landscape on their side of the train station contrasts sharply with the green, fertile valley on the other, mirroring the two paths their lives could take.


The man’s inability to engage with the symbolic meaning of the hills underscores the story’s primary theme: the failure of communication. He focuses on the practical decision before them, while Jig invests the landscape with broader emotional significance. She attempts to express the magnitude of the decision, looking at the fruitful side of the valley and mourning what they are losing: “‘And we could have all this,’ she said. ‘And we could have everything and every day we make it more impossible’” (53). Her statement transforms the landscape into a symbol of a full and meaningful future that the man, with his practical insistence that the abortion is “perfectly simple,” does not fully engage with. His refusal to respond to her symbolic language deepens the emotional distance between them, turning the hills into a symbol of their unresolved conflict and differing visions of the future.

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