A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century

Barbara W. Tuchman

A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century

Barbara W. Tuchman
73 pages2-hour read
Nonfiction
Book
Adult
Published in 1978

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Character List

Meet the key characters, with insights into their roles, motivations, and relationships—spoiler-free.

Major Characters

Enguerrand is a powerful French nobleman born into a world beset by the Little Ice Age and the beginnings of the Hundred Years' War. Orphaned at a young age after his mother succumbs to the bubonic plague, he inherits one of France's four great baronies. He operates as an exceptionally skilled knight and diplomat, standing apart from his peers through his pragmatic approach to warfare and governance. His marriage to an English princess grants him a complicated double allegiance between the warring crowns of France and England.

Key Relationships

Son of Enguerrand VI

Son of Catherine of Austria

Husband of Isabella of England

Husband of Isabelle of Lorraine

Father of Marie

Father of Philippa

Military Commander and Diplomat for Charles V (Charles the Wise)

Counselor to Jean de Nevers

Jean II is the King of France during the early, disastrous phases of the Hundred Years' War. Fixated on outdated chivalric ideals and personal glory, his leadership directly contributes to catastrophic French military defeats. He alienates the nobility through arbitrary executions and poor administration, leaving his kingdom vulnerable to English raids and internal rebellion.

Key Relationships

Captive of King Edward III

Opposed by Etienne Marcel

Charles V succeeds his father as the King of France, bringing a completely different temperament to the throne. Highly intellectual and pragmatic, he prefers ruling from his chambers rather than charging into battle. He implements a successful strategy of attrition against the English, slowly regaining French territory while working to stabilize the nation's economy and culture.

Key Relationships

Father of Charles VI

Brother of Louis d'Anjou

Brother of Jean de Berry

Brother of Philip of Burgundy

King and Employer of Enguerrand de Coucy VII

Formerly known as Robert of Geneva, Clement VII becomes the French-backed Anti-Pope in Avignon, officially triggering the Papal Schism. He functions more as a secular prince and military commander than a spiritual leader. Dependent on French political and financial backing, he uses his office to wage war and advance the strategic aims of his secular patrons.

Key Relationships

Bitter Rival of Pope Urban VI

Etienne Marcel is the Provost of Merchants in Paris, acting as a powerful representative of the bourgeois class. During the chaotic power vacuum in France, he attempts to impose constitutional limits on the monarchy through the Grand Ordinance. When his initial legal methods fail, he turns to mob violence and radical alliances in a desperate bid to maintain his authority.

Key Relationships

Political Ally of Guillaume Cale

Charles the Bad is a French prince and the King of Navarre who possesses a legitimate claim to the French throne. He operates as an agent of pure political chaos, constantly shifting alliances between the French monarchy, the English forces, and popular uprisings. He orchestrates assassinations and conspiracies solely to advance his personal ambition and wealth.

Key Relationships

Treacherous Ally of Etienne Marcel

Supporting Characters

Edward III is the King of England whose dynastic claims and territorial ambitions initiate a century of brutal warfare with France. A successful military commander, he utilizes the longbow to devastating effect against traditional French cavalry. He recognizes the strategic value of political marriages, using his family ties to secure advantages on the continent.

Key Relationships

Father of Isabella of England

Father of Edward the Black Prince

Father-in-Law of Enguerrand de Coucy VII

Isabella is the eldest and favorite daughter of King Edward III. Older than typical brides of her station when she finally marries, she is accustomed to wealth, independence, and extravagance. Her marriage to a French lord serves her father's political aims, but she consistently prefers the comforts of the English court over her husband's estates in France.

Key Relationships

Daughter of King Edward III

Sister of Edward the Black Prince

Mother of Marie

Mother of Philippa

The eldest son of King Edward III, the Black Prince is a famed English military commander. He executes ruthless, profit-driven raids known as chevauchées across the French countryside. While celebrated in England for his martial prowess, his campaigns bring widespread terror and economic ruin to civilian populations.

Key Relationships

Son of King Edward III

Brother of Isabella of England

Charles VI becomes King of France following the death of his pragmatic father. Though he eventually dismisses his uncles to take direct control of the government, his reign is tragically derailed by severe, recurring bouts of mental illness. His physical and psychological collapse creates a power vacuum that plunges the French court into bitter factional violence.

Key Relationships

Brother of Louis d'Orléans

Nephew of Louis d'Anjou

Nephew of Jean de Berry

Nephew of Philip of Burgundy

The Duc d'Anjou is one of the ambitious brothers of Charles V. He briefly seizes power alongside his brothers during a regency, prioritizing personal wealth over state stability. He later embarks on a disastrous military campaign in Italy to press a claim to the Kingdom of Naples.

Key Relationships

Uncle of Charles VI

The Duc de Berry is another of Charles V's brothers. He is notorious for his compulsive acquisition of art and luxury goods, funding his lavish lifestyle through oppressive taxation in his administered provinces. His corruption ultimately provokes investigations from the crown.

Key Relationships

Uncle of Charles VI

The Duc de Burgundy is a powerful French noble and brother to Charles V. He acts as a dominant force in French politics, repeatedly seizing control of the government during his nephew's bouts of madness. He sponsors grand, ill-fated military ventures to project his own power.

Key Relationships

Uncle of Charles VI

Father of Jean de Nevers

The Duc d'Orléans is the younger brother of Charles VI. He frequently clashes with the Duke of Burgundy for control of the kingdom as the king's mental state deteriorates. He is heavily involved in purchasing vast estates and promoting ambitious foreign military ventures.

Key Relationships

Brother of Charles VI

The 24-year-old son of the Duke of Burgundy, Jean is given command of a massive crusading army despite his lack of experience. His leadership is marked by arrogance and an inability to control the reckless impulses of the French knights under his banner.

Key Relationships

Son of Philip of Burgundy

Nominal Commander of Enguerrand de Coucy VII

Originally chosen because the cardinals believe they can easily control him, Pope Urban VI unexpectedly transforms into an abusive and uncompromising authoritarian upon taking office. His harsh treatment of the French cardinals directly provokes them to elect a rival pope, beginning the Papal Schism.

Key Relationships

Enguerrand VI is the former lord of Coucy. He dies in military service against the English, leaving his young son to inherit the family's massive barony and formidable castle.

Key Relationships

Husband of Catherine of Austria

Catherine is a noblewoman whose marriage to Enguerrand VI cements an important dynastic alliance. She tragically falls victim to the bubonic plague during its first sweep across Europe.

Key Relationships

Wife of Enguerrand VI

Marie is the eldest daughter of Enguerrand de Coucy and Isabella of England. Her birth represents a living bridge between two warring kingdoms. Her later marriage into the house of Bar serves to further secure her father's political alliances.

Key Relationships

Daughter of Isabella of England

Sister of Philippa

Philippa is the younger daughter of Enguerrand de Coucy and Isabella. She eventually resides in England, where her controversial marriage to a royal favorite sparks massive political outrage among the English nobility.

Key Relationships

Daughter of Isabella of England

Sister of Marie

Wife of Robert de Vere

Robert de Vere is the ninth earl of Oxford and a close confidant to the English king. His scandalous decision to abandon his wife Philippa angers the powerful royal uncles and provokes a violent political backlash that ultimately ends in his exile.

Key Relationships

Husband of Philippa