Possession

A. S. Byatt

Possession

A. S. Byatt
66 pages2-hour read
Fiction
Novel
Adult
Published in 1990

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Symbols & Motifs

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of gender discrimination.

Letters and Diaries

The motif of letters, diaries, and other textual fragments is the narrative and thematic engine of the novel. The plot is propelled forward entirely by the discovery and pursuit of these documents, which represent the fragmented, elusive nature of historical truth. Roland Michell’s quest begins when two draft letters fall from a book, giving him what feels like direct, unmediated access to the mind of Randolph Henry Ash. This initial act of finding and stealing the letters illustrates the central conflict between different ways of knowing the past. Roland, trained in postmodern theory, is accustomed to viewing texts as detached, impersonal systems of ambiguous signs. However, he cannot resist the seemingly “alive” and “urgent” nature of the drafts. He impulsively “slipped the letters between the leaves of his own copy of the Oxford Selected Ash” (10). This theft is a symbolic act of personal possession, marking his shift from a detached scholar to an active participant in a romance.


This personal quest for connection stands in sharp contrast to the aggressive, commodifying hunt for the same documents by professional academics like Mortimer Cropper, directly exploring the theme of Possession as Academic Exploitation. For Cropper, the letters are valuable artifacts to be collected and controlled, career-making trophies that will solidify his authority. For Roland and Maud, the letters become a conduit for empathy, a way to imaginatively inhabit the past rather than merely analyze it. By engaging with the correspondence as a human story, they begin their own romance, suggesting that a true understanding of history requires the capacity for emotional and imaginative leaps, embodying the novel’s core argument for The Triumph of Romance Over Modern Cynicism.

The Tale of Melusina

The myth of Melusina, the subject of Christabel LaMotte’s epic poem, is a central symbol that explores the dual nature of female creativity and the necessity of a private space for women to maintain their power. Melusina is a powerful, generative figure, a builder of castles and a mother to a dynasty. However, she harbors a secret, monstrous form that requires a protected, solitary space to exist. When her husband inevitably violates this privacy by spying on her during her serpentine transformation, he shatters their union and precipitates her tragic flight. Fergus Wolff describes the moment of discovery: “[F]rom the waist down she was a fish or a serpent […] and she beat the water with her muscular tail” (38). This image of a half-human, half-monstrous being encapsulates the societal perception of the female artist, whose creative force is seen as both magical and threatening.


For Christabel, the myth becomes a powerful vehicle for exploring Art as a Shield for Female Autonomy. Like Melusina in her enchanted bath, Christabel requires her solitude, the “donjon” that “keeps us very safe” (152), to nurture her poetic vision away from the intrusive gaze of a patriarchal world. The tale symbolizes the precarious balance she must maintain between her public persona and her private creative self. The violation of Melusina’s sanctuary mirrors the threat that male judgment and possession pose to Christabel’s independence. Her monstrous transformation is a manifestation of power and a defense mechanism, suggesting that for the female artist to retain her integrity, she must sometimes embrace the monstrous aspects of her nature that society fears and rejects.

The Glass Coffin

Featured in Christabel LaMotte’s collection Tales for Innocents, “The Glass Coffin” is an important symbol for the condition of the female artist. The tale’s heroine is a beautiful young woman magically imprisoned in a sealed glass casket, preserved in a state of suspended animation. She is visible yet untouchable, a perfect object for contemplation but removed from the flow of life and connection. This image powerfully represents the paradoxical nature of a woman’s artistic life in the Victorian era. The coffin provides a form of perfect, sterile preservation, shielding the woman from the dangers and compromises of the outside world, though it also renders her static and unable to act or create. The description captures this state of latent vitality: “[U]nder the surface of the thick glass lay a mass of long gold threads […] so that the tailor knew she was alive” (70-71). Her life is held in abeyance, waiting for an outside force to shatter the barrier.


This state of being perfectly preserved yet inert illuminates the theme of art as a shield for female autonomy but also highlights its potential cost. For Christabel, the isolation necessary for her work is both a fortress and a prison. The glass coffin symbolizes a self-sufficient but lonely existence, where the female artist is protected from patriarchal intrusion at the expense of lived experience. The tailor who eventually frees the sleeper is a “fine craftsman” himself, representing an empathetic peer who can appreciate and release her latent power. The breaking of the coffin symbolizes the need for connection with a reader, a lover, or an intellectual equal to liberate the female artist’s voice from its beautiful but silent enclosure.

Hair and Jet Jewelry

The recurring motif of jewelry made from human hair and carved jet embodies the Victorian era’s obsession with the material preservation of memory and the dead. In a time of high mortality and shifting religious faith, these objects served as tangible, sentimental links to lost loved ones. Hair, woven into bracelets or sealed in lockets, offered a literal piece of the departed, while jet, a black fossilized wood found on the Yorkshire coast, became the stone of fashionable mourning after Prince Albert’s death. This desire for physical connection to the past is starkly contrasted with the modern scholars’ more abstract, theoretical approach. Randolph Ash’s gift of a jet brooch to his wife, Ellen, is a perfect example of this motif’s power. Ellen describes how the brooch, carved from ancient organic matter, “sparkles with light and a kind of angry energy of its own” (248). Her perception invests the object with a living, emotional force that transcends its material form.


This Victorian mode of sentimental possession critiques the modern theme of Possession as Academic Exploitation. While Mortimer Cropper collects Ash’s physical relics like his watch, he does so not for sentimental connection but for status and academic authority. He seeks to own the past, whereas the Victorians sought to commune with it. The hair bracelet Roland finds in the jet-worker’s shop in Whitby, with its woven strands of “dark hair,” is a relic of a lost emotional world. For the scholars, the past is a text to be deconstructed; for the Victorians, it was a presence to be cherished, mourned, and physically held. The motif of hair also ties into the mystery at the heart of the novel as Maud’s pale hair, which others including Fergus derided, foreshadows her secret connection to Christabel, whose hair was similarly distinguished for being pale gold. The revelation that Maud is descended from both Ash and LaMotte underscores the novel’s ideas around the past surviving into the present.

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