All But My Life: A Memoir

Gerda Weissmann Klein

70 pages 2-hour read

Gerda Weissmann Klein

All But My Life: A Memoir

Nonfiction | Autobiography / Memoir | Adult | Published in 1957

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Part 1, Chapters 7-12Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of illness, death, child death, animal death, graphic violence, physical abuse, child abuse, racism, religious discrimination, and substance use.

Part 1, Chapter 7 Summary

Arthur sent frequent letters and money from Russian-occupied Lwow, where he worked in a chemical laboratory. Gerda mastered German within months. By spring 1940, Bielitz’s Jewish population had dropped from 8,000 to 300. Among her remaining friends were Ruth Singer, Gretel and Herta Teichner, Mary Reichman, Rita Schanzer, Ilse Kleinzähler, and Escia Bergmann—only Escia and Gerda still had both parents.


When their money ran out, Helene started a knitting business, unraveling old sweaters for yarn while Gerda dyed the wool using chemistry. Inflation soon rendered earnings nearly worthless until Helene began accepting food as payment. As they worked, Julius read aloud. Gerda contrasted her pale father at the kitchen table with memories of him at his grand desk. Their painting, the Black Madonna, lay hidden under Julius’s bed.


On May 8, Gerda’s 16th birthday, Arthur’s letter arrived with his photograph. Initially overjoyed, Gerda then sobbed in the garden, mourning her lost youth. Days later, a sign banned Jews from their garden. Gerda began visiting Escia at the cemetery, where her parents supervised, spending hours tending graves.


Arthur continued writing through the summer from a preserve factory. Letters from Anna and Mr. Pipersberg ceased. On New Year’s Eve 1940, Gerda prayed for liberation. In June 1941, they heard victory fanfares: Germany had invaded Russia, where Arthur was. One night, at around three o’clock, Gerda found both of her parents unconscious. She revived Helene with vinegar and, after biting open Julius’s heart pills and cutting her mouth, saved him by putting the pills in his mouth. Her parents’ strange dual collapse was never fully explained, but Gerda believes that it came from extreme strain and grief. A letter from Arthur, mailed before the invasion, arrived with a dried rose that Helene treasured.


Gerda turned to extreme religious devotion—prayer, fasting, and sleeping on the floor. At Ilse’s house, she met Ulla, who had a doctorate degree in English literature and offered forbidden English lessons. Julius consented. Near the municipal pool, a policeman discovered Gerda’s forbidden English grammar book and arrested her. At the station, after the arresting officer left, a superior quietly told her to run home and forget her English. She curtsied and fled.


In early September, Julius persuaded Gerda to visit an SS boys’ camp—a converted factory storing Jewish property—with Ilse and Mrs. Kleinzähler. There, a man wearing a Red Cross armband spoke with her while another watched. She discovered a life-sized portrait of a girl holding a torch and privately named it “Hope.” The watcher approached, revealing that he hid it from the SS officers. He showed her his half-finished painting and ordered her to sit for a portrait. She refused. As they left, he introduced himself as Abek Feigenblatt and insisted on seeing her again.

Part 1, Chapter 8 Summary

The following Sunday, Julius accompanied Gerda to the cemetery, where Abek appeared and engaged him in Hebrew conversation. Julius was excited that Abek had a book that he wanted to read. At home, Julius told Gerda that he believed Abek cared for her but advised her to prolong her childhood as much as possible and avoid making major decisions during the war. When Abek brought the book, Gerda deliberately stayed away.


In early October, a smuggled note from Arthur arrived confirming his safety. In her happiness, Gerda was kind to Abek, and he began visiting almost daily, bringing books and writing letters. Her parents approved of the friendship. In late October, a direct letter arrived from Arthur stating that he was working in a chemical plant.


In November, Ilse was ordered to surrender her piano to a policeman. Heartbroken, she asked Gerda to hear her play it one last time. At Ilse’s house, Gerda held Ilse’s little sister, Kitty, before Ilse played in the dark. Abek arrived quietly and sat beside Gerda; he then offered to walk her home via a new route to avoid German soldiers, who required Jews to step off sidewalks and remove their hats.


During the walk, Abek told her about his Orthodox Jewish upbringing and his inner conflict, quoting a Hebrew poem about his unhappiness. He confessed his love and asked her to promise to marry him after the war, revealing that he had already written to his parents, who approved. Overwhelmed, Gerda said that she needed time and had to speak to her parents. In her room, she realized that she didn’t love Abek; she felt that he lacked the strength and happiness she desired.


She told her parents that she would refuse him. That night, she overheard them discussing the proposal; Helene correctly intuited that Gerda didn’t love him because she wasn’t happy. The next day, unable to refuse him outright, Gerda told Abek that they should continue as friends and not speak of love until after the war. As they parted, he briefly embraced her tightly. When she cried out, he immediately released her and walked away. His sudden outburst of emotion and abrupt departure made him seem more desirable to her, and she was sorry to see him go. He returned moments later to give her a book of Chinese love poems.

Part 1, Chapter 9 Summary

Weeks passed, and Gerda continued to see Abek daily, their friendship strained by his unspoken hope. In December, Gerda received a letter from Erika, a former classmate who resembled her in appearance. Erika wrote that she was in love with a man named Henek and wanted to marry him against her parents’ wishes. Gerda noted that Erika was truly in love, whereas she was not.


Abek told Gerda that he may go home for Christmas. When she expressed certainty that he would go, Abek said that he believed in her intuition. Before leaving, he gave her a book containing his picture and an underlined sentence about time settling what the heart cannot. He returned after only four days, claiming that he couldn’t stay away. Her parents were displeased that he left his own family. Abek pressed Gerda for an answer, believing that his return proved her love. After he left, Julius expressed disapproval of her reluctance, angering Gerda. She now recognizes, however, that her anger reflected her own frustration on her ambivalence toward Abek.


In early 1942, Gerda’s great-uncle died. A second letter arrived from Erika graphically describing a massacre in her town. She recounted how her mother and baby brother were taken while she and her father hid in the basement. She learned that the town’s Jews were taken to the market square, trampled by horsemen. The survivors were then marched out of town, forced to dig their own graves, and shot. Erika described finding the bodies of her mother and her beloved Henek in the mass grave. The letter ended with Erika describing feeling dead and being filled with a desire for revenge. After the letter, Gerda never heard from Erika again.

Part 1, Chapter 10 Summary

For two weeks, Gerda hid her worry about Arthur and the contents of Erika’s letter from her parents. She confided in Abek, reading him the letter. He comforted her, and feeling close to him, she accidentally called him by her brother’s name. Abek became rigid and hurt, seeing it as an insult. The next morning, a letter arrived from Arthur with a new address.


On April 19, 1942, all Jews in Bielitz were ordered to move into a ghetto near the railroad terminal within two days. Helene was devastated at leaving her ancestral home. On the morning of the move, Gerda visited Niania to say goodbye. She briefly resented Niania’s security before they shared a tearful embrace. Gerda went into her beloved garden one last time, reliving childhood memories. She picked violets and sat on a familiar tree branch, bidding farewell to her childhood.


Back in the cellar, Niania had come to see them off despite the danger. A horse-drawn wagon arrived to take their few belongings. Niania tearfully said goodbye to Helene and Julius. The family followed the wagon down the street. Julius carried the pot of chives containing their hidden jewelry, and Gerda clutched the violets. Julius and Helene didn’t look back at their home, but Gerda did.

Part 1, Chapter 11 Summary

The family moved into one room in the ghetto, sharing quarters with the Kolländer family. The ghetto consisted of a few buildings around a courtyard housing about 250 Jews, mostly old and sick. Many others lived in a large armory-like building nearby. Gerda describes their neighbors: the Kolländers, the Freudenreichs, a mother with twin girls, and a woman with a mother dying of cancer. Rumors of deportation to Auschwitz circulated constantly.


During a ghetto sweep, a Gestapo man burst in and interrogated Gerda about her father while Julius hid in the wardrobe. The officer pressed a pistol to Gerda’s chest, threatening to shoot her. A horn signaled that the intended target had been found elsewhere, and the officer rushed off. Julius collapsed in pain afterward, and Gerda gave him an emergency pill that his doctor had left. He asked Gerda not to tell Helene and whispered that his only wish was for the survival of her and Arthur.

Part 1, Chapter 12 Summary

On May 8, Gerda’s 18th birthday, Helene gave her an orange purchased by trading a valuable ring. Abek brought a portrait of Arthur that he painted as well as roses. Her friends visited with gifts. A notice then ordered all able-bodied Jews to register for work or be sent to Auschwitz. Julius was assigned to work in Sucha, where a camp was being formed, while Gerda and Helene were assigned to a sewing shop in Wadowitz. Helene was soon let go, but Gerda enjoyed her work and the train rides.

 

On a Sunday in early June, Abek took Gerda for a walk in the forest and again asked her to marry him; she didn’t answer. The following Friday, Gerda and Ilse overheard men on a train platform say that deportations would hit Andrichau that day and Bielitz on Monday. Julius confirmed their fears: The ghetto would be liquidated. He had to report to Sucha on Sunday; Gerda and Helene would be moved to Wadowitz on Monday.

 

Gerda overheard her parents’ final conversation, in which they reminisced about their life together and spoke lovingly of their children. The next morning, Julius insisted that Gerda wear her heavy skiing shoes for her journey. Gerda, though bewildered, obeyed; in retrospect, this order saved her life. The family walked Julius to the train station for a final goodbye. As the train departed, Julius stood on the rear platform, looking at them. Gerda never saw him again. That night, Gerda regretted pulling away when her grieving mother sought comfort.

 

On Monday morning, Helene made Gerda some of their precious cocoa while continuing her weekly fast. They already retrieved their last jewels from the chive pot and sewed them into their clothes. A whistle summoned them. Downstairs, they witnessed brutality as the sick and elderly, including young twin children who smiled and obliviously caught raindrops, were thrown onto a truck. An SS man shot a dog trying to follow its owner into a truck.


The remaining Jews were marched to a field and forced to wait in the rain before being paraded through town. In a meadow, the selection began, overseen by Moses Merin, head of the Jewish council, who drank schnapps and shared it with SS men. Helene nearly collapsed; Gerda took the suitcase and learned that Arthur’s photo was inside. When Gerda asked Merin about their destination, he called her “crazy.” As they marched forward gripping their work cards, an indifferent SS officer separated Gerda from Helene with a cane. Gerda was sent to the labor side, and Helene was sent to the side for those unfit for labor. The parents, including Helene, were herded into a barbed-wire enclosure and stripped of valuables. Gerda saw a couple choose to go with their baby to the death side rather than be separated.


As Gerda was loaded onto a truck, she screamed for her mother and jumped off. Merin forcibly threw her back, saying, “You are too young to die” (91). As the truck pulled away, Gerda heard her mother’s voice call out, “Be strong!” These were her mother’s last words to her.

Part 1, Chapters 7-12 Analysis

The narrative highlights the psychological dissonance of the occupation by recounting typical adolescent milestones alongside escalating antisemitic persecution. Gerda navigated a persistent but unrequited courtship with Abek Feigenblatt, analyzing his marriage proposal and recognizing her desire for a partner who shared her spirit: “I knew that there was laughter and I wanted someone who could laugh with me” (61). She recognized that Abek, though he loved her, was not that person. Concurrently, she had to process the massacre described in a letter from her friend Erika and survive a Gestapo officer holding a loaded pistol to her chest in her own home. This juxtaposition illustrates the surreal nature of ghettoization, where victims maintained the routines of everyday life while navigating an organized system of terror.


The family garden demarcated the boundaries of Gerda’s disappearing freedom and innocence. After the occupation authorities banned Jews from the garden in May 1940, Gerda visited a local cemetery for solace, where she observed that “[t]he dead became [their] friends” as she and her friend relished the relative quiet and beauty of the only space they were allowed to walk in (44). Later, on the morning of the family’s forced relocation to the ghetto, she entered the garden to visit an old pear tree, pick violets, and formally bid farewell to her childhood. The natural world initially functioned as a sanctuary; that Nazi regulations transformed even it into a forbidden space highlights how systemic the regime’s exclusion of Jews truly was. This physical restriction figuratively reinforced the shrinking of the Jewish community’s world, including the severing of generational roots.


Written correspondence simultaneously illustrates and complicates the theme of Hope Sustained by Memory and Vows, as it was a vital but increasingly fraught mechanism for sustaining familial bonds and psychological endurance. Gerda’s family relied heavily on Arthur’s letters from the Soviet-occupied zone, scrutinizing his handwriting for signs of physical strain and treating his messages as proof of his ongoing survival. Conversely, a harrowing letter from Erika shattered Gerda’s false sense of security by graphically detailing the mass execution of her entire community. Letters operated as sources of hope and conduits of trauma. Moreover, they demonstrate how arbitrary communication blackouts dictated the emotional rhythms of families trapped under occupation.


Julius’s insistence that Gerda wear her heavy, durable ski boots during the June deportation established a symbol of parental protection. On the morning when the family faced transport out of the ghetto, Julius commanded Gerda to wear the out-of-season footwear, a decision she questioned but ultimately obeyed shortly before authorities sent him to a labor camp in Sucha. The boots represent Julius’s pragmatic recognition of the brutal physical realities that his daughter would soon endure. Unable to shield her from the selection process or the liquidation of the ghetto, he armed her with the only practical defense at his disposal. This also marks a narrative turning point from the family’s collective endurance in Bielitz to Gerda’s isolated physical survival.


Gerda was forced to definitively break with her sheltered upbringing as she confronted the reality of the Holocaust. During the final selection, Merin, head of the Jewish council, orchestrated the separation of Gerda and her mother. When Gerda jumped off the transport truck to rejoin Helene, Merin physically threw her back onto the vehicle, and Helene shouted her final words to her daughter: “Be strong!” Merin’s intervention reveals the arbitrary nature of survival; Gerda escaped the execution group through the whim of an official. Simultaneously, Helene’s final command shifted the burden of survival onto Gerda, demanding that she abandon her childlike dependence. Stripped of her family and home, Gerda had to navigate the subsequent labor camps armed only with her mother’s imperative to endure.

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