All But My Life: A Memoir

Gerda Weissmann Klein

70 pages 2-hour read

Gerda Weissmann Klein

All But My Life: A Memoir

Nonfiction | Autobiography / Memoir | Adult | Published in 1957

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Part 2, Chapters 1-7Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of illness, death, child death, graphic violence, sexual harassment, physical abuse, child abuse, suicidal ideation, racism, and religious discrimination.

Part 2, Chapter 1 Summary

The day after separation from her mother, Gerda traveled by truck and train with other Jewish girls and women, consumed by worry about her father’s fragile health and haunted by visions of her mother’s fate. After the train stopped at Sosnowitz, the women were marched to the headquarters of the Militz, a Jewish auxiliary police force established by the Germans. Unable to sleep, Gerda wrote to Arthur, falsely reassuring him that their parents were safe.


At dawn, observing the large Jewish population in Sosnowitz, she decided to visit Abek’s family. Despite being told that she needed an appointment, Gerda walked directly into the private office of the commander, a heavyset, bald man who headed the Militz. Speaking carefully in German, she boldly requested a permit to visit relatives, admitting that she had no money to pay for it. After a tense exchange in which she questioned his methods, the commander granted her request and stood as she left—an honor usually reserved for SS officers. Shaken but empowered, Gerda discovered new strength within herself.

Part 2, Chapter 2 Summary

A Militz guard escorted Gerda to the Feigenblatt apartment, where Abek’s mother and sisters Paula and Lola warmly embraced her. They explained a plan to trade one of their sewing machines for a working card that would free Gerda from transport, but she felt uneasy that Abek may have ordered them to help her at their own expense.


When her two-hour permit expired, Gerda rejoined the other women, including her friend Ilse, and they were marched to a Dulag, a transit camp serving as a labor pool for German industry. Inside an unfinished brick building, Gerda and Ilse claimed top-tier bunks. During an evening assembly, a civilian selected 50 women—including Gerda, Ilse, and all those from Bielitz—for a weaving mill. The women discovered a room of prisoners in poor health awaiting transport to Auschwitz and gave them their bread. Later, Gerda offered her food to a dying girl who blessed her.


The supervisor informed Gerda that a working card had been secured, but she hesitated, realizing that acceptance would oblige her to marry Abek. After she decided to stay with her group, panic struck, and she tried to reverse her choice, but another girl had already taken her place. That night, while suffering from menstrual cramps, she found relief when cooling rain began.

Part 2, Chapter 3 Summary

On July 2, 1942, Gerda and the other women boarded a train for their assigned labor camp. At the station, a Militz guard brought an envelope from the commander, but Gerda impulsively tore it up without reading it. On the train, Gerda befriended Suse Kunz, a cheerful Viennese girl who offered Ilse aspirin. They bet strawberries and cream on when the war would end.


That afternoon, they arrived at Bolkenhain and were met by Frau Kügler, the grim-faced Lagerführerin, or camp supervisor. After marching through town past varied reactions from German civilians, they reached the Kramsta-Methner-Frahne weaving mill. The director and Frau Kügler selected personnel: Malvine Berger as Judenälteste (senior “Jewess”), a cook, two kitchen helpers, and Litzi, a dimpled young woman with black hair, as nurse. Mrs. Berger delivered a stern speech that impressed Gerda. The women were led to clean quarters with three-tiered bunks that Gerda dubbed the “Catacombs.” After a meal, they went to bed. That night, Gerda watched the moon rise and asked it to say goodnight to her loved ones before falling asleep.

Part 2, Chapter 4 Summary

The first morning at Bolkenhain, Mrs. Berger slapped a girl to establish authority, repulsing Gerda. Although she knew that establishing authority would ultimately protect the prisoners by reassuring the Nazis, she found this violence unforgivable. Each girl received three yellow stars to wear. In the factory, foreman Meister Zimmer delivered a threatening speech about working for Nazi victory, warning that those who failed to produce would be exterminated. The grueling work involved operating up to four looms with poor-quality materials.


On the first Sunday, Gerda wrote a falsely cheerful letter to her father in Sucha. Weeks passed with no response. On the third Saturday, Mrs. Berger finally called Gerda’s name during mail distribution, but the letter was the one she sent to her father, stamped with a notice that he had moved without a forwarding address. Frozen in shock, Gerda was summoned to Mrs. Berger’s room, where Mrs. Berger bluntly told her that her father was dead and that she would never see her parents again. Gerda sobbed without tears. That night, she began remembering her family only during happy times before the war, imagining her parents kissing her goodnight as she fell into exhausted sleep.

Part 2, Chapter 5 Summary

In August, Abek forwarded a letter that Gerda’s father wrote shortly after their separation. Its shaky handwriting asked why she left her mother—a question that haunted her.


After a disastrous day when she accidentally damaged her loom, an act that guards earlier warned would be treated as intentional sabotage and punished accordingly, Gerda received letters from Abek containing photographs, including one of her grandfather, whose story of survival renewed her faith. The next morning, when Meister Zimmer discovered the damage, he only warned her.


Gerda received a despairing first letter from Arthur. She befriended Greta, a girl born out of wedlock who said that she was happier in the camp because everyone was now equal. On Yom Kippur, all the women fasted in respect to their shared religion despite threats from the guards. That night, Lotte tearfully recounted briefly reuniting with her estranged father, who later died in a train wreck on his way to see her again. On Christmas Day 1942, while hearing townspeople celebrating, Gerda became certain that she would never see Arthur again. Abek’s reply to her letter describing her grief over Arthur was uncomprehending.


In January, Gerda fell ill with fever. Frau Kügler forced her and two other sick women to their looms, ordering them to pretend that they were well. This action saved them from Lindner, a notorious SS officer known for sending the sick to Auschwitz. Late in January, a final, barely legible message from Arthur gave Gerda strength to continue.

Part 2, Chapter 6 Summary

Abek wrote that his entire family had been deported to Auschwitz and that Gerda was his only reason for living. Feeling obligated, Gerda wrote back falsely professing her love. After sending the letter, she realized that her words were false and daydreamed instead about an unknown, gentle-eyed man. For his birthday, Abek sent a photo with a dedication stating that his life was hers to form, which further disillusioned her.


In spring, Director Keller summoned Gerda to his office and questioned her about a letter from her uncle in Turkey. He granted permission for her to write back but kept the letter. Gerda began receiving packages from Turkey with precious food items, but they always arrived opened and more than half-empty.


On her 19th birthday in May, the other women gave her precious handmade gifts. To thank them, Gerda wrote and staged a play depicting herself and Ilse as old women looking back on Bolkenhain, reminiscing about all their friends and their talents and traits. The performance was well received, and Gerda notes that helping the women forget was the greatest thing she has done.


In June, 50 new women arrived bringing news of deportations and Allied bombings. Mail was abruptly stopped for no apparent reason and then suddenly restored in late July. Abek’s final, pessimistic letter announced his transfer to another camp. When his letters stopped, Gerda realized how much she missed them. In late August 1943, the women learned that they were leaving Bolkenhain.

Part 2, Chapter 7 Summary

The women were transferred to subsidiary camps. Gerda and Ilse were assigned to Märzdorf, while Suse, Lotte, Mrs. Berger, and Litzi went to Landeshut. After a long journey, they arrived at Märzdorf and were locked behind a heavy iron door on the sixth floor. A cruel guard named Frau Aufsicht awakened them with a whip. Work was assigned daily; the workers themselves were treated as enslaved.


A week later, a male supervisor propositioned Gerda, offering food in exchange for sexual favors. When she refused, he assigned her the most brutal work: the dreaded flax detail during the day and loading coal at night. Exhausted and in pain, Gerda contemplated suicide by jumping in front of a train, but a sensation in her neck reminded her of her promise to her father never to give up. However, after several more days of double shifts, she told Ilse that she couldn’t continue. When a guard asked for prisoner number 32—which had been Ilse’s number—Ilse pointed to Gerda instead. Gerda was led to the factory courtyard, where Director Keller from Bolkenhain was selecting workers; Ilse followed and threw herself at his feet, begging for her sister. Keller agreed to let both women transfer to Landeshut. That evening, they were reunited with their friends in a converted stable that felt like home. As she fell asleep, Gerda murmured that she was glad she didn’t jump.

Part 2, Chapters 1-7 Analysis

The opening of Part 2 establishes Gerda’s transition from a cherished, protected adolescent to a threatened but autonomous agent. Separated from her parents and thrust into a transit camp, Gerda experienced a psychological shift. She boldly walked into the office of the Militz commander to demand a visiting permit, declaring, “And I might as well tell you that I have neither money nor jewels to pay for it” (99). Stripped of her family, Gerda discovered a latent capacity for assertion. The commander’s respect—standing when she left his office—demonstrated her ability to manipulate the system’s human elements. This confrontation conveys the lengths she would go to in order to advocate for herself as she attempted to survive the labor camps.


However, Gerda’s relationship with Abek suggests the emotional cost of that determination by introducing a complex conflict between gratitude and autonomy. When Abek’s family offered to secure a working card that would free her from transport, she recognized that accepting this sacrifice would implicitly obligate her to marry him. She rejected the offer, sacrificing physical safety to avoid compromising her integrity. However, after Abek wrote that his family had been deported to Auschwitz, Gerda was overwhelmed by survivor’s guilt and sent a letter falsely professing her love. This subsequent confession illustrates the psychological toll of her circumstances, as she prioritized comforting a doomed man over her own honesty. This dynamic frames Abek’s devotion as an oppressive psychological weight that ultimately became something else for Gerda to survive.


As Gerda endured forced labor at Bolkenhain, her relationship with her past transformed from a source of grief into a touchstone. After a letter to her father was returned, camp elder Mrs. Berger forced Gerda to verbally acknowledge his death. Following this harsh but necessary intervention, which cracked through Gerda’s denial, she consciously decided to remember her parents “in the happy times before the war” (123). By choosing to recall idealized memories, Gerda constructed a mental sanctuary. This allowed her to insulate her psyche against the present horror and develops the theme of Hope Sustained by Memory and Vows.


The theme of Female Solidarity as a Lifeline becomes prominent in this section as the narrative emphasizes how the female prisoners forged a surrogate family structure to sustain themselves. At Bolkenhain and Märzdorf, the women shared meager rations and provided critical emotional support to one another. Ilse frequently protected Gerda, eventually risking her own safety by directing a guard to select Gerda in her place, which secured Gerda’s transfer out of the brutal Märzdorf camp. Luckily, Ilse was able to follow, but her sacrifice showcases her care of Gerda. Gerda, in turn, utilized her creativity to bolster the group’s morale, writing and staging a play for her 19th birthday that imagined a future for the women in which their loving children and grandchildren couldn’t even imagine what the camps were like. These acts of mutual care stand in opposition to the brutality perpetrated by their captors. Ilse’s selflessness provided a physical lifeline, while Gerda’s play offered communal psychological relief, allowing the women to temporarily transcend their circumstances through shared imagination.


The transfer to Märzdorf tested the limits of Gerda’s physical and moral endurance, as grueling labor eroded the prisoners’ emotional reserves. After refusing a supervisor’s sexual advances, Gerda was punished with the flax detail by day and loading coal by night. Exhausted, she contemplated suicide on the train tracks but was stopped by a sensation in the back of her neck that recalled her promise to her father never to give up. The juxtaposition of the relatively manageable Bolkenhain against the chaotic cruelty of Märzdorf illustrates the precarity of the prisoners’ existence. The supervisor’s retaliation weaponized physical labor to break Gerda’s spirit, but the memory of her father’s promise pulled her back from the brink. This reaffirms that her family legacy operated as a counterforce to the camp’s annihilating environment.

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