Imperium: A Novel of Ancient Rome

Robert Harris

55 pages 1-hour read

Robert Harris

Imperium: A Novel of Ancient Rome

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2006

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Part 2, Chapters 14-18Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2: “Praetorian”

Part 2, Chapter 14 Summary: “Roll XIV”

After his term as praetor, Cicero forgoes a provincial governorship to remain in Rome and focus on his campaign for the consulship. He successfully defends a former tribune, Caius Cornelius, against five of the Senate’s most powerful aristocrats, including Hortensius and Catulus, further boosting his public profile. His campaign is run like a business by his brother Quintus, aided by a young apprentice, Caelius Rufus. Meanwhile, Cicero’s wife, Terentia, announces that she is pregnant with their second child.


Lucius Sergius Catilina, now Cicero’s rival, is blocked from running for consul, pushing his candidacy into the same year as Cicero’s. Cicero learns from Caelius that a young nobleman named Clodius Pulcher, though known for his dissolute behavior, intends to prosecute Catilina for extortion. This trial ensures that Catilina cannot run in the current election cycle, setting up a direct confrontation with Cicero the following year.


Lacking an aristocratic running mate to combat the electoral threat Catilina poses, Cicero considers defending Catilina; winning would place Catilina in Cicero’s debt, while losing would mean Catilina’s exile. He arranges a secret meeting, where he is stunned to find Clodius present. Catilina reveals that the jury has been bribed to guarantee his acquittal. By squaring off against Cicero, Clodius will advance his own political career. Cicero is displeased but agrees to play the role of Catilina’s defense.


Cicero returns home to find Terentia in labor; she gives birth to a son, Marcus. The next day, Cicero informs Catilina that he cannot participate in such a corrupt charade and withdraws as his advocate. Catilina warns that he has made a dangerous enemy.

Part 2, Chapter 15 Summary: “Roll XV”

With Catilina as a declared enemy, Cicero faces a perilous consular election. Catilina is acquitted in his fixed trial, defended by the senior consul Lucius Manlius Torquatus and supported by the aristocratic elite. Cicero embarks on an unprecedented four-month campaign tour of northern Italy, hoping to win over newly enfranchised citizens. He is aided by two professional political agents, Ranunculus and Filum. During his trip, a provincial governor warns him that his campaign is doomed because the aristocracy will back Antonius Hybrida for consul.


Cicero returns to Rome and is joined by his wealthy, well-connected friend Atticus, who has just moved back from Greece. Atticus provides important political intelligence, confirming that Hybrida and Catilina are running on a joint ticket. He then delivers shocking news from a dinner party: Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a disgraced ex-consul and Catilina ally, has boasted that an entire electoral slate—including consul, praetor, and tribune candidates—is being secretly financed by Marcus Crassus. Cicero realizes that his true opponent is not Catilina or Hybrida, but Crassus, who is using his immense wealth to install a government of his own choosing.

Part 2, Chapter 16 Summary: “Roll XVI”

To prove that Crassus is behind the widespread bribery, Cicero instructs his agents to pose as vote-buyers. They discover that every corruptible vote in Rome has already been purchased by a single, secret client. Meanwhile, the consul Marcius Figulus introduces a strict anti-bribery law. In the Senate, Cicero cleverly amends the bill with a clause aimed directly at Crassus, making it a crime to “cause” a vote to be solicited.


Desperate for evidence, Cicero accompanies his agent to a meeting with a vote-broker named Gaius Salinator. Cicero reveals his identity and intimidates Salinator into confessing that Crassus is buying thousands of votes to install Catilina and Hybrida as consuls, Lentulus Sura as praetor, and 10 friendly tribunes, effectively purchasing the entire government. The scale of the plot is staggering, and its purpose remains a mystery. The next day, the anti-bribery bill is vetoed in the popular assembly by Mucius Orestinus, a tribune whom Cicero once defended.


That evening, a demoralized Cicero returns home to find Caelius waiting. Caelius reveals that Crassus is holding a secret strategy meeting that night. He knows of a hidden listening post in the room and suggests that Cicero’s secretary, Tiro, hide there and use his shorthand to record the conspiracy. After Cicero promises him his freedom—though not on condition of compliance—a terrified Tiro agrees to the mission.

Part 2, Chapter 17 Summary: “Roll XVII”

Caelius sneaks Tiro into Crassus’s house and hides him behind the fabric, where Tiro secretly records the entire meeting between Crassus, Caesar, Catilina, Hybrida, and their allies. After Tiro returns to Cicero’s house, he and Cicero work through the night to decipher the notes, learning that after sweeping the elections, the purchased tribunes will pass a radical land reform bill. A powerful 10-man commission, led by Crassus and Caesar, will then be created to oversee the redistribution of public land in Italy and, ultimately, annex the entire kingdom of Egypt, giving them control of its vast revenues and making them the permanent masters of Rome.


Realizing the plan is a “coup d’état disguised as an agrarian reform bill” (277), Cicero follows Terentia’s advice to use the information to win over the aristocrats. He sends a copy of the transcript to his rival, Hortensius. The next day, on the eve of the election, the Senate convenes. Cicero delivers a furious speech, In toga candida, denouncing Hybrida and Catilina as puppets of a powerful, unnamed figure. He details Catilina’s crimes with such vehemence that Catilina lunges at him and has to be restrained by the consul’s lictors. After Catilina and Hybrida respond with “shrill tirades,” Cicero goes to Atticus’s house to wait and see if the speech has won over the aristocrats.

Part 2, Chapter 18 Summary: “Roll XVIII”

After several hours, during which Cicero and his allies worry that he has alienated several powerful men for nothing, Hortensius summons Cicero and Tiro to a secret nighttime meeting at the newly built palace of the general Lucius Lucullus. There, Cicero confronts the heads of the aristocracy, including Lucullus, his brother Marcus, Hortensius, Catulus, Quintus Metellus Creticus, and an elder statesman, Isauricus. After Tiro proves the authenticity of his shorthand record by transcribing their conversation, the aristocrats dismiss him and negotiate with Cicero for hours.


At dawn, a “grim” Cicero returns to Rome. On the Field of Mars, just as voting begins, Hortensius makes a dramatic public gesture of support, shaking Cicero’s hand and raising his arm. This signals that the aristocracy has swung its considerable influence behind Cicero. The voting proceeds, and the aristocrats’ bloc of votes systematically elevates Cicero and Hybrida while abandoning Catilina. Cicero wins the consulship unanimously, with Hybrida as his colleague. Catilina is defeated and ruined.


That evening, Cicero celebrates with his family. He confesses the price of the aristocrats’ support: He must oppose the popular land reform bill and propose triumphs for Lucullus and Metellus, moves that will alienate the common people and Pompey, respectively. Quintus is horrified, predicting that Cicero will be left without allies. Cicero, however, is resolved, stating that it was the only way to win. When he quips that Pompey is “simply a humble servant of the republic [...] More important […] he is not here” (304), even Quintus laughs. Later, alone with Tiro, Cicero contemplates his victory and how history will judge him.

Part 2, Chapters 14-18 Analysis

The final chapters show Cicero grappling with and ultimately succumbing to The Corrupting Price of Ambition. The Catilina interview in Roll XIV establishes limits on what Cicero is willing to do in the name of political advancement. Catilina and Clodius propose a staged trial—a brilliant prosecution, a brilliant defense, a bribed jury, mutual advancement—and Cicero plays out the scenario for an evening before declining the next morning. The reason he gives is precise:


You have purchased the verdict in advance, and that is not a charade I wish to be a part of. You have made it impossible for me to convince myself that I am acting honorably. And if I cannot convince myself, then I cannot convince anyone else—my wife, my brother, and now, perhaps more important, my son (243).


The birth of Cicero’s long-desired heir proves to be a jolt to his conscience. Though he previously stated that he would defend “the blackest devil in hell” (236), he framed this stance as a principled one, explaining, “That is [Rome’s] system of law” (236). The bribery of the jury renders this system of law a mere “charade,” which Cicero refuses to countenance.


That said, it is telling that Cicero cites his inability to persuade himself of Catilina’s cause as a reason to decline. Cicero has increasingly turned his oratorical skills on himself to justify ethically dubious positions, and this pattern culminates in Cicero’s consular victory. Cicero wins by promising the aristocrats he will block land reform and propose triumphs for Lucullus and Metellus. As Quintus’s objection—“[W]ithin weeks of taking office, Marcus will have no supporters left” (304)—recognizes, this betrays both Cicero’s populist positioning of himself and his longstanding alliance with Pompey. Cicero rationalizes his initial turn to the aristocratic faction in terms of the proposed bill’s hidden agenda; given later events (in particular, the rise of Julius Caesar), Cicero is not wrong to identify the bill as a power grab. Nevertheless, the deal he himself strikes underscores how ethically compromised he has become.


That deal also cements The Republic’s Slow Surrender to Strongmen. The meeting at Lucullus’s villa gathers the men who have spent the novel obstructing Cicero—Catulus, Hortensius, Isauricus, Quintus Metellus, the Lucullus brothers—and the bargain struck there decides the consulship before a single century votes. On election day, Hortensius walks to the candidates’ fence, takes Cicero’s hand, and raises his arm: “[T]he aristocrats turned and disappeared into the throng, presumably to spread the word among the nobles’ agents in the centuries that they were to switch their support” (299). This handshake reassigns thousands of votes, confirming that the consulship was won not on the Field of Mars but at a private dinner outside the city walls. Cicero’s unanimous victory across all 193 centuries, which Tiro presents as unprecedented, is therefore also a measure of how completely the election has been settled in advance by men with no formal authority over it. Consequently, the toast Cicero proposes to Lucius following his victory is laden with irony; Lucius would condemn the Republic’s course as much as he would Cicero’s.


The novel also continues to explore the virtue of Eloquence as Political Weapon. The In toga candida speech in Roll XVII shows Cicero harnessing his oratorical skills to expose corruption and advance his own career in the process. The novel lingers in particular on his use of humor to make his opponents appear ridiculous—worthy of nothing but contempt. Thus, he brands Hybrida “a joke that has gone on too long” and mocks both him and Catilina as “the best that money can buy […] caveat emptor” (285). While his barbs point toward a real critique, Tiro makes it clear that this is not why they are effective: “Nothing is more injurious to a politician’s dignity and authority than to be mocked” (285). Once again, style proves more important than substance.


However, even this form of oratory has its limits. For instance, faced with Crassus’s mass purchase of votes, Cicero cannot attack openly without alienating the voters Crassus is buying for. Instead, he rises in the Senate and proposes that the lex Figula be amended so that “any person who solicits, or seeks to solicit, or causes to be solicited, the vote of any citizen” should face 10 years’ exile (259). The clause “or causes to be solicited” converts the bill into a tacit indictment of Crassus and reveals the power that even a handful of words can have: Nobody on Crassus’s side dares oppose because to oppose it is to confess what they are, so the amendment passes. However, the bill itself is then vetoed by Mucius Orestinus three weeks later. Language allows Cicero to outflank Crassus inside the chamber but cannot defend itself against a purchased veto in the Forum. This is why, ultimately, Cicero’s In toga candida speech constitutes only half his strategy. To ensure the speech’s effectiveness, he must deliver the transcription of Crassus’s meeting to Hortensius and then strike his own corrupt deal with the aristocratic class.

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