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The candy bar that “blend[s] milk and dark chocolate” and claims that “Bitter Makes It Better” is a symbol of life and the rationales people use to make themselves feel better about difficult times (11). Bud considers the marketing a “cruel hoax,” in which the consumer is assured that the “introduction of adversity into something otherwise pure and good only enhances said pureness and goodness” (11)—that is, that life’s “bitter” moments make the “sweet” ones more meaningful. However, the current bitterness of Bud’s life only painfully reminds him of the better times that preceded them, when he and Catherine were happy, young, and carefree. Bud therefore rejects the slogan as a platitude.
Signaling the aptness of their match, Miss Winkle considers the very same candy and finds the slogan ridiculous: “Nothing had ever struck [her] as less true. In life’s pervasive bitterness, one was lucky to receive a moment of milk” (128). While Miss Winkle enjoys the early days of her liaison with Bud, she fears that at any moment, “God would taketh Bud away” as God has so many other people and beloved things (128). Both she and Bud feel that they’ve each been dealt a fair amount of bitter, and neither feels enriched or “better” as a result. Nonetheless, better days do come, and both are more grateful because they’ve had experience with the bitter ones, suggesting that the slogan bears some truth after all.
The “errant moon” identified by both Bud and Catherine symbolizes the rejection of social conformity, which the novel identifies as a surer path to happiness than conformity itself. When Bud goes to the meeting with Alabaster, the girl who lets him into the manor points out the errant moon, saying that this is what it’s called when the moon is out during the day: “Because the moon is misbehaving […]. It’s poking around where it shouldn’t be” (187). This definition calls to mind Bud’s efforts to uncover the truth about his place of work. However, there is an irony to the parallel. It appears to suggest that he is being “errant” by getting involved in things that are not his business; in reality, however, he is doing the right thing by addressing a situation that appears to signal corruption in the company for which he works. Everyone around him tells him to leave it, but he will not, and his sense of integrity eventually leads him to think better of himself and start living his life more purposefully.
The narrator also says that “[t]he moon [is] out in the daylight” when Catherine and Remy get high in Catherine’s yard (241). The term for the phenomenon appears a few pages later, when, back in the kitchen, “Catherine [takes] one bold step forward, one small step for Catherine, under the errant moon” and kisses Remy (244). Once again, the description suggests that Catherine’s behavior is “errant,” but it’s actually one of the first times she pursues her own happiness without simultaneously seeking to punish Bud or blame someone else for her discontent. The symbol thus develops the theme of Open Marriage as Liberation and Engine of Domestic Collapse, but it also extends beyond it: Bud and Catherine behave in “errant” ways because they buck social norms, which is precisely what leads to their greater happiness.
Abigail tells Wes about a birthday card she once received when she meets him at Alabaster Manor. On the card, one snake asks another if he ate the first snake’s cupcake. The second snake says that he did not, but “he [has] a cupcake-shaped lump in the middle of his long, snakey silhouette. Undigested evidence of his betrayal” (50). After considering the snake for a bit, Wes tells Abigail that it’s possible that the snake didn’t eat the cupcake—that “he was just shaped that way” and that “He probably gets blamed for that kind of thing all the time” (53).
In this way, the snake becomes symbolic of everyone who gets judged based on appearances, whether that’s “War Crimes Wes” or the beautiful and often underestimated Abigail (20). Abigail reflects that “her classmates [assume] she [is] dating a warlord, a tyrant, [but] Abigail [sees] Wes’s sensitivity” (112). Likewise, he recognizes her intelligence and compassion. Similarly, Catherine’s early actions—pressuring her husband into an open marriage while largely ignoring her daughters—could suggest that she is merely self-absorbed rather than working her way through real emotional pain. Bud appears equally irresponsible as a parent (as well as ineffectual in general), but these apparent character traits reflect a life that feels purposeless and thankless. The symbol thus suggests that while it’s easy to judge someone based on how they appear in a moment—like the snake with the cupcake-shaped lump—the reality is typically much more complicated, and people often deserve empathy more than they deserve judgment. That a drawing of the snakes shows up on the final page of the novel highlights its significance. Each of the individuals at Harper’s birthday party could be the accused snake, metaphorically: It is easy to pass judgment on them and completely misconstrue the reality of who they actually are.



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